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BIOL 100 > Chapter 1 - Life, Taxonomy, & Biology > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Life, Taxonomy, & Biology Flashcards

1
Q

What is life?

A

there is no definitive answer

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2
Q

List the seven characteristics of a living organism:

A 
1.	Composed of cells
•	Smallest unit of life
•	All cells come from preexisting cells
2.	Unique molecular composition
•	Nucleic acids, proteins, etc...
3.	Respond to external environment
4.	Maintain homeostasis
5.	Require energy and raw material
6.	Grow and reproduce
7.	Populations are capable of adapting and evolving
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3
Q

Levels of Biological Organization: Life is organized at many levels

A 
Atoms, molecules - not living
Cell - living
Tissue
Organ Systems
Organism
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Biosphere
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4
Q

made of similar types of cells that work together

A

tissue

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5
Q

made of different tissue types working together

A

organ system

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6
Q

Individual, made of micro organisms of other species working together to live

A

Organism

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7
Q

All individuals of a particular type (species) that may interact in a particular place

A

population

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8
Q

All the different types of organisms that may interact in a particular place

A

community

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9
Q

All different types of organisms, plus the nonliving (abiotic) components (things) necessary for existence

A

ecosystem

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10
Q

The portions of atmosphere, ocean, and land where life exists on Earth

A

biosphere

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11
Q

Categorizing Life - Linnaean Taxonomy – One way scientists categorize life based on genetic relatedness

A 
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
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12
Q

List the 3 domains

A

Eukaryota
Bacteria
Archaea

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13
Q

Domains Bacteria and Archaea genetically very different groups of organisms, but both groups share:

A
  1. microscopic single cell (unicellular) organisms

2. both have prokaryotic cell structure - simplistic, lacks nucleus, lacks membrane bound organelles

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14
Q

Domain: Eukaryota

A

Unicellular and multicellular organisms

Complex cell structure - many membrane-bound organelles, DNA in nucleus

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15
Q

All multicellular organisms are _______

A

Eukaryotes

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16
Q

________ cells evolved before eukaryotic cells

A

Prokaryotic

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17
Q

Are viruses alive?

A

no

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18
Q

Describe virus

A
  1. very small, not a cell, contain some genetic material but not enough to replicate by themselves.
  2. must infect other organisms and then use that organism’s “machinery” to replicate
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19
Q 
Taxonomy of the brown bear:
Domain - 
Kingdom - 
Phylum -
Class - 
Order - 
Family -
Genus -
Species -
A 
Domain - Eukaryota
Kingdom - Animalia
Phylum – Chordata (vertebrae, backbone)
Class – Mammalia 
Order – Carnivora
Family – Ursidae (family of bears)
Genus – Ursus (capitalize)     Binomial
Species – arctos (lowercase) nomenclature
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20
Q

2 characteristics of a mammal

A
  1. mammary glands - allows the production of milk to feed

2. fur

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21
Q

Another name for Genus and Species

A

Binomial

nomenclature

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22
Q

List the four kingdoms of the Eukaryota:

A
  1. Protists
  2. Fungi
  3. Plants
  4. Animals
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23
Q

How does the taxonomy of the black bear differ?

A

It differs in species - americanos, the American bear

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24
Q 
Taxonomy of the gray wolf:
Domain - 
Kingdom - 
Phylum -
Class - 
Order - 
Family -
Genus -
Species -
A 
Domain - Eukaryota
Kingdom - Animalia
Phylum – Chordata 
Class – Mammalia 
Order – Carnivora (named after their feeding behavior)
Family – Canidae (family of dogs)
Genus – Canis (capitalize)      Binomial
Species – lupis (lowercase)    nomenclature
25
``` Taxonomy of human: Domain - Kingdom - Phylum - Class - Order - Family - Genus - Species - ```
Domain - Eukaryota Kingdom - Animalia Phylum – Chordata Class – Mammalia Order – Primates Family – Hominidae (great apes, humanlike) Genus – Homo - man (capitalize) Binomial Species – sapiens - wise (lowercase) nomenclature
26
define Homo sapiens
"wise man"
27
define Hominidae
great apes, humanlike
28
What are the members of the Hominidae?
1. Mountain gorilla 2. Lowland gorilla 3. Chimpanzee 4. Bonobo 5. Sumatran orangutan 6. Bornean orangutan
29
Which members of the Hominidae are most imilar to humans?
chimpanzee
30
For much of human evolution, several different ________ of ________ ancestors existed at the same time
species; human
31
Life is defined by:
the characteristics of life
32
Life can be organized in many ways, our examples:
1. increasing organizational complexity - biological levels of organization 2. genetic relatedness - Linnaean taxonomy
33
What is science?
1. logical method of understanding the natural world | 2. body of knowledge organized into theories
34
collection of unifying insights (explanations) and supporting facts about a natural phenomenon facts support these premises of a _______ have withstood objective questioning or testing
theory
35
Theories have _______ power
explanatory
36
What is the scientific method based on?
observations and measurements
37
From observations, come questions about the world, from a question, formulates a _________.
hypothesis
38
plausible explanation for a natural phenomena Formally written in a way which the explanation could be found to be incorrect Under pinning of skepticism
hypothesis
39
How to test validity of hypothesis?
through further observation or experimentation
40
List the process of science:
``` Observation Hypothesis Prediction Experiment/Further Observation Results Conclusion ```
41
Example of hypothesis: oatmeal and cholesterol. • Observation: eating oatmeal appears to lower cholesterol levels in blood • Other existing knowledge: o Soluble fiber in oatmeal binds to bile in intestines, preventing reabsorption of bile by the body o When bound to fiber, bile is expelled from body o Bile is high in cholesterol o To make new bile, the liver removes cholesterol from blood o Hypothesis: What is the hypothesis?
eating oatmeal high in soluble fiber lowers cholesterol levels in blood
42
A scientific statement can be:
1. Testable 2. Refutable 3. Repeatable
43
Louis Pasteru's test of the spontaneous generation of life. What was his hypothesis?
cases of spontaneous generation of life could be explained by microscopic airborne organisms. He developed a particle trap.
44
A statement is 'scientific' if an objective method can be stated by which it can be _________.
disproven/refuted
45
When you come up with a hypothesis, ___________
you are attempting to refute the hypothesis
46
Other ways of perceiving the world that are often useful but not scientific:
Religious Aesthetic Ethical Political
47
________ are not disprovable in the scientific sense
Assertions. Are based ultimately on your faith, belief, cultural, or personal values
48
Science does not address questions that are ________ or involve value
metaphysical
49
outside of the natural world
Meta (ex: ghosts)
50
Science can provide meaningful, objective perspectives:
1. identify the environmental problems 2. provide insight into scope and scale 3. identify and assess potential solutions 3. science DOES NOT address questions involving value judgements
51
Example of value judgement:
California condors almost went instinct in 1980s, saving these birds was value judgement, not scientific.
52
What is pseudo science?
"junk science" pseudo = false ``` Presented as scientifically valid but in fact not scientific: untestable lack empirical support based on faulty reasoning poor methodology ```
53
Give 2 examples of pseudoscience
horoscopes | flat earth
54
Define homeostasis
self-controlled internal environment in the face of external conditions
55
What does chordata mean in Linnaean Taxonomy?
vertebrae, backbone | the (phylum) if it has a chordata
56
What does Order mean in Linnaean Taxonomy?
feeding behavior: carnivora herbivore omnivore
57
Mnemonic of Linnaean Taxonomy?
DKPCOFGS Do Kings Play Chess On Fine Grain Sand or Dumb Kids Play Catch On Freeway Get Smashed
58
Vertebrae animals are _____% of water
60-80%

BIOL 100 (18 decks)

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