Chapter 20 - Inheritance

Question 1

The sequence of bases in DNA is transcribed to ____

Answer 1

RNA

Question 2

The 3 base-pair code of RNA translates to _______

Answer 2

amino acids

Question 3

Within ribosomes, amino acids are strung together to produce _______

Answer 3

proteins

Question 4

What are proteins?

Answer 4

Proteins are molecules that facilitate or regulate chemical reactions, provide movement or transport, or provide structural support

(don’t memorize this definition of a protein, just try to get the general idea)

Question 5

Basic model of gene expression

Answer 5

DNA (Gene) -> RNA - > Protein -> Phenotype

Question 6

physical expression of proteins determines the ‘traits’ or ‘characteristics’ of an organism

Answer 6

gene expression

Question 7

individuals with identical copies of an allele (AA)

Answer 7

homozygous

Question 8

individuals with different alleles (Bb)

Answer 8

heterozygous

Question 9

an allele that determines phenotype, regardless of the other allele present. (Capital letter)

Answer 9

dominant

Question 10

an allele whose effect is masked by the dominant allele

Answer 10

recessive

Question 11

how does someone express the recessive trait?

Answer 11

Have two copies of the recessive trait

Question 12

Punnett square example: freckles vs no freckles.
Female is FF, male is ff
What will there child be?

Answer 12

heterozygous zygote Ff, they will have freckles

Question 13

In incomplete dominance, each copy of a dominant allele provides _______ expression

Answer 13

some

Question 14

Homozygote dominant expresses _______

Answer 14

fully

Question 15

In incomplete dominance, heterozygotes only produce ______ of the expression

Answer 15

half

one functioning protein, one nonfunctioning protein

Question 16

Example of incomplete dominance

Answer 16

sickle cell anemia

Question 17

Most genes have more than two alleles

Answer 17

multiple alleles

Question 18

Any given individual has no more than _____ of the potential alleles

Answer 18

two

Question 19

People only have ____ homologous copies of a gene. Identical or two alleles

Answer 19

two

Question 20

Multiple alleles - blood types are determined by what?

Answer 20

polysaccharides on surface of blood cells

Question 21

Having type AB blood is known as

Answer 21

codominance

Question 22

What are most traits determined (influenced) by?

Answer 22

multiple genes, each with their own multiple alleles

Question 23

phenotypic expression is often strongly influenced by _________

Answer 23

environment

Question 24

in a population, the phenotypic expression is a ________

Answer 24

continuum (smooth curve)

Question 25

Example of polygenic inheritance

Answer 25

height

is determined by multiple genes, each with its own alleles

Question 26

Within sickle cell anemia, the sickle cell trait “bleeds through” the _______ trait

Answer 26

dominant

Question 27

abnormal red blood cell (abnormal hemoglobin)

Answer 27

sickle cell trait

Question 28

What are the phenotypes of blood types?

Answer 28

Type A, B, O, AB

Question 29

What are the genotypes of blood types?

Answer 29

AA, Ao, BB, Bo, oo, AB

Question 30

When does nondisjunction occur?

Answer 30

Meiosis I or II

Question 31

Your alleles are _______ when appearing in heterozygote states

Answer 31

codominants

Question 32

How is the blood type AB codominant?

Answer 32

Both A and B aren’t dominant over the other

Question 33

Example of incomplete dominance

Answer 33

Red and white flowers make a heterozygote (pink flower) because red is not fully dominant

Question 34

What is Gregor Mendel known for?

Answer 34

laws of inheritance

Question 35

What is the law of independent assortment?

Answer 35

increases genetic variation in offspring

Question 36

What will be the phenotype of an Ao genotype?

Answer 36

A because A is dominant