Chapter 5 Flashcards
Metabolism
Metabolism is the collection of what
of controlled biochemical reactions in an organism
metabolisms ultimate function is what
to reproduce the organism
what does metabolism consist of
catabolism and anabolism
catabolism def
breaking down
anabolism def
building up
metabolic processes #1
every cell acquires nutriets
metabolic processes #2
metabolism requires energy from light or catabolism of nutrients
metabolic processes #3
evergy is stored in adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
metabolic processes #4
cells catabolize nutrients to form precursor metabolites
metabolic processes #5
precursor metabolites, energy from ATP, and enzymes are used in anabolic reactions
metabolic processes #6
enzymes plus ATP form macromolecules
metabolic processes #7
cells grow by assembling macromolecules
metabolic processes #8
cells reproduce once they have doubled in size
Catabolic pathways info
like making money. Large to small. exergonic. store energy as ATP
REDOX is what
oxidation and reduction. so the shuffling of electrons to make ATP or do processes
what are the 3 important electron shufflers
(NAD+)
(NADP+)
(FAD)
what is the goal of regulating metabolic function
to limit wasting energy, and to maximize efficiency
when are enzymes synthesizes
only when substrate is available
what does metablic function prioritize
energy efficeinet molecules
Enzymes do what
speed up the rate of chemical reactions
what kinds of factors influence the rate of enzymatic reactions
temp
pH
enzyme concentrations
substrate concentration
presence of inhibiors
carbohydrate catabolism is reduce or oxidize
oxideized
carbohydrates def
common energy source for anabolismw
whats the most common carbohydrate used
glucose
what are the 2 common ways glucose is catabolized
cellular repiration
fermentation
steps of respiration
glycolysis to citric acid cylce to etc
steps of fermentation
glycolysis to the process to form end-products
what does glycolysis do
splits a 6 Carbon glucose into two 3 Carbon sugar molecules
where does glycolysis occur
in the cytoplasm of most cells
what is substrate level phosphorylation
the direct transfer of phosphate between two substancesn
net gain or glycolysis
2 ATP
2 molecules NADH
precursor metabolite pyruvic acid
example of aerobic respiration in prokaryotes
mycobacterium tuberculosis
cellular respiration is all about what
the electrons
ETC
electron transport chain
what does the citric acid cycle produce
2 ATP
2FADH2
2NADH
4 CO2
so . electron shufflers and a little ATP
Electron Transport chain significance?
is a significant ATP production
what is the etc a series of
a series of redox reactions
what do carrier molecules do in ETC
they pass electrons from one to another to the final electron acceptor
where is the ETC located in prokaryotes
in the cytoplasmic membrane
where is the ETC located in eukaryotes
in the inner mitochondrial membrane
final electron acceptor of ETC in aerobic
O2 oxygen
Final electron acceptor of ETC in anaerobic
NO3- , SO4 2- , CO3 2- , or extremely acquired organic molecule
carbohydrate catabolism is what
like catabolizing glucose
are there one or many ways to catabolize glucose
many
2 ways to catabolize glucose
- entner-doudoroff (ED) pathway
- pentose phosphate pathway
Entner doudoroff pathway info
produces 1 ATP, 1 NADH, and 1 NADPH
zymomonas mobilis: industrial apps
Pentose phosphate pathway info
alternative to glycolysis (0 ATP), produces NADPH, precursors to nucleotides
what does Fermentation do
catablizes glucose
Fermentation . cells require what
constant source of NAD+
because glycolysis and citric acid cycle are insufficient
Fermentation. the partial oxidation of a metabolite is to do what
release energy
what is the final electron acceptor for fermentation
an organic molecule from within the cell
what does glycolysis produce
pyruvic acid
what can pyruvic acid be fermented to yield
lactic acid, ethanol, and others
potential molecules of atp produced in aerobic, anaerobic, and fermentation per glucose molecule
Aerobic ( 38 in prok) (36 in euk)
Anaerobic (4-36)
Fermentation is 2
energy source for photosynthesis
light
photosynthsis synthesizing
synthesizes carbohydrates from CO2 to H2O
who all uses photosynthesis
algae, plants, cyanobacteria
gluconeogenisis is what
basically the invert of glycolysis,
anabolic
builds glucose and complex carbs
