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Micro Biology > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

Staining and Microscopy

1
Q

Resolution def

A

distinguish 2 points that are close together

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2
Q

high resolution means what

A

higher ability to distinguish two objects

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3
Q

contrast def

A

differences in intensity between two objects or between an object and its background

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4
Q

what does staining do to contrast

A

it increases it

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5
Q

light microscopy , contains what

A

the bright field microscope, dark field, fluorescence, and confocal

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6
Q

bright field microiscope

A

simple, single, magnifying lens OR
compound, multiple magnifying lens

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7
Q

imersion oil does what

A

causes the light passing through the specimen to remain un retractive, this increases resolution and more light is able to pass through

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8
Q

dark field microscopes are best for what

A

observing pale, small, or colorless objects

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9
Q

fluorescence microscopes do what

A

use direct UV light source at specimen. some cells are naturally, some are dyed with a fluorescent dye

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10
Q

confocal microscopes do what

A

use fluorescent dyes and UV lasers to illuminate a sample in a single plane. then a computer constructs 3D image

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11
Q

2 types of electron microscopy

A

transmission electron microscopes, and scanning electron microscopes

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12
Q

Electron miscroscopy can magnify objects how much

A

10,000 to 100,000

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13
Q

Transission electron def

A

you can view inside the cell , its very large and expensives

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14
Q

scanning electron

A

view the surface of the cell

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15
Q

Staining helps do what

A

increase contrast and resolution

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16
Q

simple stains do what

A

are compsed of single basic dye and are used to determine size, shape, and arrangement of cells

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17
Q

Differential stains do what

A

use more than one dye and distinguish between different cells, chemicals, or sturctures

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18
Q

common differential stains

A

gram, acid fast, endospore, histological

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19
Q

Step 1 of gram stains

A

initial stain (crystal violet)

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20
Q

step 2 of gram stains

A

mordant forms complex (Iodine)
I forms complex with the CV.

21
Q

Step 3 of gram stains

A

decolorization, (ethanol) to shrink the peptidoglycan layer.
The complex stays in G+ and leaves G-

22
Q

Step 4 of gram stains

A

the Counter stain (safranin), to dye the remaining colorless G- cells

23
Q

Ziehl-Neelsen Acid Fast stain for what

A

for acid-fast bacteria, its waxy mycolic acid, and gram staining doesnt work weell

24
Q

Schaeffer-Fulton Endospore Stain

A

the endospore is stained green

25
Q

two types of histological stains

A

hematoxylin and eosin (HE) stain
Gomori methenamine silver (GMS) stain

26
Q

what is a histological stain for

A

tissue

27
Q

special stains are used for what

A

to identify specific microbial structures

28
Q

what are 2 types of special stains

A

negative stains and flagellar stains

29
Q

Negative capsule stain does what

A

stains for capsule, so there is color everywhere except for the structure of interest . the colorless areas are the capsule

30
Q

flagellar stain

A

morphology of flagella

31
Q

why is a g- bacterium colorless but a g+ bacterium is purple after rinsed with decolorization

A

the g- peptidoglycan is thin and the g+ peptidoglycan layer is thick

32
Q

some bacteria is not effectively stained with the gram stain becauseeee

A

they have large amounts of waxy lipid in their cell wallsm

33
Q

unit of measurement for prok cells

A

micrometer

34
Q

What did linnaeus propose

A

only 2 kingdoms, plants and animals

35
Q

Taxonomy def

A

the science of classifying and naming different organisms

36
Q

domains def

A

comparing genetic material of organisms

37
Q

what did carl woese do

A

he compared nucleotide sequences of rRNA of ribosomes

38
Q

proposal of 3 domains. what are they. how is it determined

A

archaes, euk, bacteria, determined by ribosomal nucleotide sequences

39
Q

Universal phylogenetic tree does what

A

compares sequence of small subunit rRNA

40
Q

LUCA

A

Last Universal Common ANcestor

41
Q

what are the 6 means of identifying different microbes

A

physical characteristics
biochemical tests
serological/antibody tests
phage typing
MALDI/TOF mass spectrometry
Analysis of nucleic acids

42
Q

physical characterisitcs info

A

shape, structure, etc. indentify based on morphology

43
Q

biochemical tests info

A

to determine utilization or production of certain chemicals, to help identify pathogens

44
Q

phage typing infor

A

bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacterial cells, so very specific to host, and are an alternative to antibiotics

45
Q

Taxonomic Keys ex

A

dichotomous keys

46
Q

dichotomous keys are what

A

a series of paired statements where only of of two “either/or” choices applies to any particular organism
the key directs to another statement or name of organism

47
Q

how many basic shapes for bacteria

A

3

48
Q

dichotomous taxonomic key is used for what

A

like a chart to identify a name of something

Micro Biology (19 decks)

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