Chapter 14

Question 1

Symbiosis def

Answer 1

to live together

Question 2

microbiome def

Answer 2

symbiotic relationships with countless organisms

Question 3

mutualism + or 0 or -

Answer 3

+ and +

Question 4

commensalism + or - or 0

Answer 4

+ and 0

Question 5

amensalism + or - or 0

Answer 5

.- and 0

Question 6

parasitism 0 or - or +

Answer 6

+ and -

Question 7

6 steps of the chain of infection

Answer 7

pathogen
reservoir
portal of exit
mode of transmission
portal of entry
susceptible host

Question 8

reservoirs def

Answer 8

of infection are sites that maintains pathogens and are a source of infection

Question 9

animal reservoir def

Answer 9

diseases that naturally spread from animal host to humans

Question 10

human reservoirs def

Answer 10

asymptomatic carriers have the potential for more spreading

Question 11

nonliving reservoirs def

Answer 11

soil water and food etc.
originate from contamination of feces

Question 12

what are the 3 types of transmission

Answer 12

contact, vehicle, and vector

Question 12

portals of exit ex

Answer 12

eyes nose mouth skin ears anus urethra

Question 12

3 forms of contact transmission

Answer 12

direct, indirect, droplet

Question 13

direct contact def

Answer 13

body contact btwen hosts

Question 14

droplet transmission def

Answer 14

droplets of mucus in a close proximity

Question 14

indirect contact def

Answer 14

spread via fomites , those are nonliving objects

Question 15

vehicle transmission types

Answer 15

airborne, waterborne, food borne, bodily fluid

Question 16

airborne ex

Answer 16

pathogens travel via aerosol

Question 17

waterborne ex

Answer 17

many GI diseasesf

Question 18

food borne ex

Answer 18

inadequate processing or storage

Question 19

bodily fluid ex

Answer 19

blood, urine, and saliva can carry pathogens

Question 20

biological vectors do what

Answer 20

transmit pathogens and serve as host for some stage of the pathogens life cycle

Question 21

ex of a vector transmision

Answer 21

biological vectors which are like mosquitos

Question 22

3 main portals of entry

Answer 22

skin mucous membranes (respitory and GI) placenta

Question 23

pathogenicity def

Answer 23

ability of a microorganism to cause disease

Question 24

virulence def

Answer 24

degree of pathogenicity

Question 25

virulence factor def

Answer 25

strategy or product employed by pathogen to cause infection

Question 26

ex of virulence factors

Answer 26

adhesion, extracellular enzyems, toxins, antiphagocytic factors

Question 27

adhesion establishes what

Answer 27

colonies within the host

Question 28

what do attachment proteins help in

Answer 28

adhesion

Question 29

what do some bacterial or fugal pathogens attach to each other to form

Answer 29

biofilm

Question 30

what are extra cellular enzymes secreted by

Answer 30

by the pathogen

Question 31

what do extracellular enzymes help the pathogen do

Answer 31

invade the hose, advoid immune system , and contribute to virulence

Question 32

are toxins or extracellular enzymes always proteins

Answer 32

extracellular enzymes

Question 33

toxins harm what

Answer 33

tissues. or they trigger host immune responses that cause damagee

Question 34

phagocytosis def

Answer 34

engulfment by a host cell

Question 35

antiphagocytic factos def

Answer 35

prevent phagocytosis, therefore virulence factors

Question 36

bacterial capsule do what

Answer 36

prevent recognition of pathogen and they are slippery and hard to engulf

Question 37

antiphagocytic chemicals do what

Answer 37

prevent fusion of lysosome and phagocytic vesicles and lysosome has enzymes that degrade proteins

Question 38

symptoms def

Answer 38

subjective characteristics felt by the patient

Question 39

signs def

Answer 39

objective manifestations of desease observed or measured by others

Question 40

what are the 5 infection stages

Answer 40

incubation, prodromal, illness, decline, convalescenece

Question 41

review each of the 5 stages of infection

Answer 41

no s or s, vague sympt, severs s and s, declining s and s, no signs of s or s

Question 42

epidemiology def

Answer 42

the study of where and when disease occur, and how they are transmitted within populations

Question 43

morbidity is what

Answer 43

of ppl getting sick/ total population %

Question 44

mortality is what

Answer 44

of deaths/ total ppl sick %

Question 45

john snow is the father of what

Answer 45

epidemiological studies (in london)

Question 46

hospital epidemiology (HAI is what)

Answer 46

Healthcare associated infections

Question 47

are HAI common

Answer 47

very common

Question 48

whats the most effective way to reduce HAI

Answer 48

handwashing