Chapter 10

Question 1

Drugs def

Answer 1

chemicals that affect physiology in any manner

Question 2

therapeutic agents def

Answer 2

drugs that act against diseasea

Question 3

antimicrobials def

Answer 3

drugs that treat infections

Question 4

alexander fleming did what

Answer 4

discovered penicillium

Question 5

zone of inhibiiton def

Answer 5

zone around a substance that it empty and does not contain the surrounding bacteria

Question 6

successfull mechanisms are what

Answer 6

selective toxicity

Question 7

are antibacterial drugs many and diverse or scare and limited

Answer 7

many and diverse

Question 8

selective toxicity def

Answer 8

target structures or processes in microbe thats distinct from host

Question 9

why are there fewer drugs for eukaryotic infections

Answer 9

cuz fungi are eukaryotes and similar to humans. for bacteria its easy to just target the peptidoglycan layer

Question 10

are antiviral drugs abundant or limited

Answer 10

limited

Question 11

what are the 5 processes and structures that might be targetted in bacteria

Answer 11

cell wall, proteins, membranes, metabolic pathways, and DNA/RNA synthesis

Question 12

what is the most common way to inhibit cell wall synthesis of bacteria

Answer 12

to target and inhibit peptidoglycan

Question 13

how is peptidoglycan inhibited

Answer 13

by preventing the cross linkage of NAM subunits.

Question 14

is NAM only in bacteria

Answer 14

yes

Question 15

what are beta lactams

Answer 15

a peptidoglycan inhibitor that prevents replication by binding to enzymes that cross-link NAM subunits

Question 16

ex of beta lactam

Answer 16

penicillin

Question 17

What can osmotic pressure cause in a weak cell wall

Answer 17

lysis

Question 18

what do antibiotics weaken

Answer 18

peptidoglycan, meaning no longer a rigid shape

Question 19

vancomycin does what

Answer 19

interferes with NAM bridges in many G+ bacteria

Question 20

what does vancomycin bind to

Answer 20

binds to D-alanine to prevent cross linkage

Question 21

what does bacitracin do

Answer 21

blocks transport of NAG and NAM across the cellular membrane so they never reach the cell wall

Question 22

What does inhibition or protein synthesis and translation target

Answer 22

prokaryotic 70 S ribosomes.
advoids eukaryotic ribosomes (80S)

Question 23

what is a potential negative of inhibiting protein synthesis

Answer 23

that mitochondira of animsal and humans contain 70 S ribosomes which could be harmful

Question 24

disruption of cytoplasmic membranes is accomplished how

Answer 24

by forming channels through the membrane and damaging its integrity

Question 25

what does amphotericin B do

Answer 25

binds to ergosteral in fungal membranes

Question 26

what does polymyxin do

Answer 26

disrupts G- bacterial membrane

Question 27

How ara metabolic pathways inhibited

Answer 27

with antimetabolic agents

Question 28

when are antimetabolic agents effective

Answer 28

when pathogen and host metabolic processes differ

Question 29

What is a sulfonamide

Answer 29

a metabolism inhibitor

Question 30

what do sulfonamides do

Answer 30

inhibit nucleotide production

Question 31

what do para-aminobenzoic acid and sulfanilamide make

Answer 31

folic acid

Question 32

what do competitive inhibitors with PABA do

Answer 32

prevent folic synthesis

Question 33

do humans make folic acid

Answer 33

no

Question 34

How are nucleic acid syntheses inhibited

Answer 34

with several drugs that block DNA replication or RNA transcription

Question 35

what do drugs for nucleic acid synthesis affect

Answer 35

both Euk and Prok cells

Question 36

are nucleic acid synthesis inhibitor druggs used to treat infections

Answer 36

no they are used for research and to inhibit cell replication

Question 37

what do nucleotide or nucleoside analogs do

Answer 37

distort shapes of nucleic acids, prevent replication, transcription, or translation,

Question 38

when are nucleotide or nucleoside analogs most effective

Answer 38

they are mostly used against viruses and are most effective against rapidly dividing cells

Question 39

spectrum of action def

Answer 39

number of diff pathogens a drug acts against

Question 40

narrow spectrum def

Answer 40

effective against few organisms

Question 41

broad spectrum

Answer 41

effective against many organisms

Question 42

what are the two ways resistance by bacteria is acquired

Answer 42

by new mutation in genes or by acquiring R plasmids via transformation, transduction, and conjugation

Question 43

what is the first mechanism of drug resistance

Answer 43

modifying the target of the antibiotic

Question 44

what is the second mechanism of drug resistance

Answer 44

degrade drug before entry

Question 45

what is the third mechanism of drug resistance

Answer 45

altering drug once in side

Question 46

what is the fourth mechanism of drug resistance

Answer 46

minimizing the concentration of antibiotic in the cell

Question 47

what is the fifth mechanism of drug resistance

Answer 47

biofilm formation

Question 48

what are the ways mutation is a mechanism of drug resistance

Answer 48

modifying the target of the antibioticw

Question 49

what are the ways that R-plasmid is a mechanism of drug resistance

Answer 49

degrade drug outisde cell, alter drug inside cell, minimize drug conc in cell (pump out)