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Micro Biology > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

viruses

1
Q

what are viruses

A

minuscule , acellular, infectious agents

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2
Q

are viruses dna or rna

A

can be either

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3
Q

what do viruses infect

A

animals, humans, plants, bacteria, and fungi

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4
Q

are viruses sitll common in the industrialized world?

A

yes

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5
Q

do viruses perform metabolism

A

no

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6
Q

do viruses have independent replication

A

no

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7
Q

are viruses alive

A

no

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8
Q

what do viruses hijack

A

the hosts cells metabolic pathways

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9
Q

what common cell features do viruses lack

A

cytoplasmic membrane, cytosol, and organelles

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10
Q

what is extracellular mean

A

outside the host cell

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11
Q

what does intracellular mean

A

inside the host cell

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12
Q

viron def

A

a protein coat (capsid) surrounding nucleic acid

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13
Q

what is a virus called when its outside the cell

A

a viron

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14
Q

what do some virons have

A

some have phosholipid envelope

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15
Q

what is the outermost layer of a viron for

A

for protection, and recognition sites

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16
Q

what happens when the virus is inside the host cell

A

capsid is removed and the virus exists as nucleic acid

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17
Q

genetic material of viruses is what . 3 points

A

may be DNA or RNA
can be single or double stranded
much smaller than the genome of cells

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18
Q

what do most viruses infect

A

only particular host cells

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19
Q

what are viral surface proteins attacted to

A

the host surface

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20
Q

how can we classify viruses

A

by nuclei acid type, shape, size, or presence of envelope

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21
Q

caspids def

A

protein coat

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22
Q

what do caspids protect

A

protect viral nucleic acid

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23
Q

what do caspids attach to

A

to host cells

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24
Q

helical shape

A

oval ish rectangle

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25
Q

polyhedral shape

A

sphere with pokes coming out of it

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26
Q

spherical shape

A

a sphere

27
Q

complex shape

A

like a bacteriophage

28
Q

the viral envelope is a portion of what

A

evelope is a portion of host membrane

29
Q

where is the viral envelope acquired from

A

from host during viral release

30
Q

what is the viral envelope composed of

A

phospholipid bilayer and proteins

31
Q

bacteriophage is what

A

a virus that infects bacteria

32
Q

what are the 2 main cycles of bacteriophages

A

lytic and lysogenic

33
Q

lytic cycle isssss

A

when they quickly generate more virions
and lyse the host cell (burst it )

34
Q

lysogenic cycle isssss

A

when the viral genome integrates into host genome
and it replicates within host for many generations

35
Q

what are the 5 stages of the lytic cycle

A

attachment to host cell
entry and cuts up host DNA
synthesis and hijack trans. transl
assembly of all the virion parts
release out of the cell

36
Q

what does the lytic cycle hijack

A

they hijack host processes to produce new virions

37
Q

what phages perform lytic replication

A

virulent phages

38
Q

what phages perform lysogenic replication

A

temperate

39
Q

what does prophage mean

A

that phage DNA integrates into host genome

40
Q

what are the steps of the lysogenic cycle

A

phage attaches to the cell
phage DNA enters the cell
phage DNA integrates into the host DNA
Last, the host cell replicates and passes down the phage genome to future generations

41
Q

whats beneficial of the lysogenic cycle

A

the virus can spread in the host population over time without killing the host cells

42
Q

could prophage enter the lytic cycle?

A

yes if specific stimuli trigger it to , like UV or chemicals

43
Q

what do the lytic and lysogenic cylce both do

A

accomplish the viruss goal of making copies of viral genome

44
Q

animal virus replication info about attachment

A

glycoprotein spikes or other molecules mediate attachment

45
Q

animal virus replication info about entry

A

it enters and uncoats

46
Q

DNA viruses in animal cells during synthesis

A

they oftern enter the nucleus where there are DNA polymerase and other tools to replicate DNA are

47
Q

RNA viruses in animal cells during synthesis

A

they often replicate in the cytoplasm where there are RNA polymerase, ribosomes, and other tools to replicate rna are

48
Q

special info about rna viruses replications

A

they need special enzymes

49
Q

retroviruses is what

A

a type of rna virus

50
Q

What do retroviruses do

A

use viral reverse transcription enzyem to synthesize DNA from rna

50
Q

what is the retrovirus different from

A

different from RNA dependent rna polymerase

50
Q

reverse transcriptase info

A

rna to dna

50
Q

what do retroviruses integrate

A

the reverse transcribed dna into the host genome

50
Q

latency def

A

when animal viruses remain dormant in host cells

51
Q

rna dependent rna polymerase info

A

rna to rna (copy of)

52
Q

what does latency incorporate

A

viral dna into host dna

53
Q

ex of latency

A

chicken pox coming back as shingles

54
Q

What do proto oncogenes promote

A

cell growth and division

55
Q

what can unctrolled activation of proto oncogenes lead to

A

cancer

56
Q

how much % might viruses cause of human cancers

A

20 to 25

57
Q

with no virus and a repressor what happens

A

no cancer

58
Q

with one virus and a repressor what happens

A

no cancer

59
Q

with a double hit of viruses and no repressor what happens

A

yes cancer

Micro Biology (19 decks)

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