Chapter 15

Question 1

What are the two forms of immunity

Answer 1

Innate and Adaptive

Question 2

what does the first line of defense mean

Answer 2

it prevents microbes from entering the bloodstream and organs

Question 3

2 examples of the first line of defense

Answer 3

skin and mucous membranes

Question 4

what do chemical barriers produced by the skin do

Answer 4

defend against pathogens

Question 5

lysozyme def

Answer 5

breaks down peptidoglycan

Question 6

chemical barriers in mucous membranes do what

Answer 6

cover all body cavities open to environment

Question 7

what do white blood cells act against

Answer 7

infection

Question 8

PMN is what

Answer 8

Polymorphonuclear neukocytes

Question 9

3 types of PMNs

Answer 9

Neutrophils, basophils, and esosinophiles

Question 10

where are PMNs made

Answer 10

in bone marrow

Question 11

monocyes have what (2 types)

Answer 11

macrophages and dendritic cells

Question 12

Neutrophiles are what

Answer 12

a majority of White blood cells in blood
and are multi lobed nuclei

Question 13

what do neutrophiles engulf

Answer 13

microbes by phagocytosis

Question 14

extravasation def

Answer 14

leave bloodstream, enter tissue to destroy pathogen

Question 15

Basophils info

Answer 15

high allergic response

Question 16

eosinophiles info

Answer 16

target parasites

Question 17

what is something that has
no phagocytosis
releases products that are toxic to the microbe and
release chemical signaling molecules

Answer 17

both basophils and eosinophils

Question 18

where are monocytes

Answer 18

they circulate in blood

Question 19

what are macrophages and dendritic cells

Answer 19

monocytes

Question 20

macrophages do what

Answer 20

they do phagocytose and present antigens on surface of cell to T cells (antigen presenting cell)

Question 21

APC means what

Answer 21

Antigen presentin gcell

Question 22

Dentritc cells do what

Answer 22

sleep and lymph nodes and present antigens on cell surface to Tcells (Antigen presenting cell)

Question 23

explain the 4 steps of phagocytosis

Answer 23

1. bacteria binds to phagocytic cell and binding is aided by antibody or complement
2. phagocytes pseudopods extend and engulf the organism
3. invagination of phagocytes membrane traps the organism within a phagosome
4. a lysosome fuses and deposits enzymes into the phagosome and then enzymes cleave macromolecules and generate reactive oxygen which DESTROYS the organism

Question 24

what happens to WBC count during and infection or allergy

Answer 24

highly raised

Question 25

When there is a higher WBC count in specific cell types what does in indicate

Answer 25

can indicate type of pathogens

Question 26

what does high neutrophils suggest

Answer 26

a bacterial infection

Question 27

what does high eosinophils suggest

Answer 27

parasites

Question 28

inflammation def

Answer 28

a localized condition where body part becomes red swollen or hot and is often painful

Question 29

vasudilation def

Answer 29

high blood flow

Question 30

what arrives to infected tissue during inflammation

Answer 30

neutrophils and macrophages

Question 31

cytokine production. the chemical signals do what

Answer 31

recurit immune cells to infection site

Question 32

if an infection occurs, what 3 steps occur to heal ti

Answer 32

macrophages engulf pathogens and release cytokines, then vasoactive factors and cytokines help deliver additional phagocytes, and then some cytokines initiate healing as pathogens are destroyed.