Chapter 3 Flashcards by Amber Roggenbauer

what are characteristics that occur in all bacteria, archaea, and Eukaryotes

growth, reproduction, responsiveness to stimuli, metabolism, and cellular structure

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

do viruses experience growth

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

do viruses reproduce

their host cell replicated virus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

do viruses respond to stimuli

some can react to host

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

do viruses have metabolism

they use host cells metabolism

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

do viruses have cell structure

no , they lack cytoplasmic membrane of cell structure

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

mycoplasma def

small microbe, doesnt move. is alive.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

organelle def

a specialized structure inside a ccell that performs one or more different funcitons

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

external structures of bacterial cells

glycocalyces
cell wall
flagellum
cytoplasmic membrane

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

glycocalyces def

gelatinous, sticky substance surroundign the outside of the cell

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what are glycocalyces made of

polypeptides (proteins) and/ or polysaccharides (sugars)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what are the 2 types of glycocalyces

capsule
slime layer

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

capsule def

firmly attatched to cell surface, is a defense strategy

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

slime layer def

is loosely attached to cell surface, and adheres to surfaces

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

cell wall def/ purpose

provides sturcture and shape, protect cels from stressors, contains peptidoglycan, gives basic shapes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what are the two basic cell shapes

cocci : spheres
bacilli: rod-shaped

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Peptidoglycan def

mesh like polymer of long polysaccharide chains connected together by peptides

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what are peptidoglycan made of

two alternating sugars (NAG and NAM)
those chains are connected by peptides (amino acids)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Gram Tests are used for what

to determine if the bacteria is classified as either gram positive of gram negative. this distinction is found in the cell wall.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

gram positive bacterial cell walls def

relatively thick layer of peptitoglycan
contain unique chemicals called teichoic acids and lipoteichoic acids

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

teichoic acids vs lipoteichoic acids

teichoic acids only go into the poptitoglycan
and the lipoteichoic acids go thout the plasma membrane and the peptitoglycan

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Pink vs Purple gram stain

positive is purple
and negative is pink

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

peptitoglycan layer thickness

thick in positive
thin in negative

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

gram negative bacterial cell walls def

have only a thin layer of peptidoglycan
possess outer membrane, an additional bilayer membran outside the peptidoglycan

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what can an outer membrane do,

block antibiotics

outer membrae of gram neg bacteria

contains lipids, proteins, and LPS , also ccalled endotoxin

LPS

Lipopolysaccharide

Porins def

Protein in outer membrane that transports molecules into/out of cells

Periplasm def

the space between cytoplasmic membrane and outer membrane

Bacterial cell walls can also be what

acid fast bacteria or bacteria without cell walls

acid fast bacteria def

may contain waxy materials in their cell wall such as mycolic acid gram stain doesnt work , must use an acid stain

bacteria without cell walls def

a few bacterias doint have cell walls, but they still have other features of prokayotic cells such as plasma membrane and ribosomes

Flagellum types bacteria

flagella and fimbriae

flagella def bacteria

responsible for movement, vary in number, long protein structures, aid in mobility

spirochetes def bacteria

some have internal flagella like structures that make the bacteria a sprial shape

flagella movement cc and c bacteria

cc it will go straight and c it will tumble

taxis def

movement toward soemthing like a stimulus (ex. chemotaxis or phenotaxis )

fimbriae description bacteria

sticky bristle like projections, shorter than flagella

fimbraie functions bacteria

adhesion to attaach to host cells and motility (twitches )

pili def bacteria

specialized type of fimbriae. they transfer DNA from one cell to anotherr

conjugation def

the transfer fo DNA from one cell to another

Cytoplasmic membrane functions

to control passage of substnaces in and out of the cell, similar function to eukaryotic cytoplasmic membrane, selectively permeable.

how can a cell wall help against stressors

resists osmotic pressure

cytoplasm of bacteria contains what

endospores

endospores def

unique structures produced by some bacteria. a defensive strategy in unfavorable or nutrient poor conditions resistant to extremem conditions such as heat, radiation, adn chemicals

cytoplasm of prokaryotes ex

nonmembranous organells like ribosomes

ribosomes def

they are non membranous organelles that's main function is to synthesize proteins

what are ribosomes composed of

polypeptides and ribosomal RNA

Ribosomal size

differences in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. P is 70S and E is 80S

S is Svedbergs . Rate of ____

sedimentation during centrifugatium

What are many archaea known as

extremophiles

flagella of archaea

thinner in archaea different amino acid structure

fimbriae and humii of archaea

many archaea have fimbriae, and some make fimbria like structures called humi

humi def

fimbria like structures lookes like a grappling hook is used for adherence

cell walls of archaea

NO peptidoglycan many different shapes contain variety of other specialized polysacchorrides and proteins

how is archacal cytoplasm similar to bacterial cytoplasm

both have 70S ribosomes and both have circular DNA

differences between archeal cytoplasm and bacterial

the ribosomal proteins are diff the metabolic enzymes to make RNA are diff the genetic code is more similar to Eukaryotes in Archea

3 domains of microbes based on comparison of ribosomal RNA genes

bacteria, archaea, eukaryotes

Is Archaea or Bacteria more closely related to Eukaryotes, using a rRNA gene analysis

Archaea

Cytoplasm of Eukaryotes

contains a variety of organelles that are surrounded by a phospholipid bilayer (nuclus, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi body)

do fungi have cell walls

yes

do plants have cell walls

yes

do algae have cell walls

yes

do protozoa have cell walls

some

Flagella of Eukaryotes

they differ structually and functionally from prokaryotes, and they move differently

Cilia in Eukaryotes

are shorter and more numerous, aid in movement, coordinate and propel the cell

Membranous organelles of Eukaryotes in include...

mitochondria nd chloroplasts

mitochondria of eukaryotes info

produce most of the cells ATP have 2 membranes composed of phospholipid bilayer contain 70S ribosomes and a circular DNA

how many phospholipid bilayer membrane does a mitochondrion have

what produces most of the cells ATP in Eukaryotes t

the mitochondria

chloroplasts info

harverst light using photosynthesis, use the light to make ATP, has 2 phospholipd bilayer membranes, have 70S ribosomes and circular DNA

how many phospholipid bilayer membrane does a chloroplast have

Endosymbiotic theory basically says what

that the eukaryote is formed from the union of a small aerobic prokaryote with a larger anaerobic prokaryote. and that the smaller one eveolved into the mitochondria

CHloroplasts vs mitochondria

both have a circular genomic DNA

CAN you amber, tell the differences between bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes ?

CAN you amber, tell what makes viruses different from Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes?

CAN you amber, describe the differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

Can you amber, tell the differences between a gram positive and a gram negative bacteria cell