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Micro Biology > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what are characteristics that occur in all bacteria, archaea, and Eukaryotes

A

growth, reproduction, responsiveness to stimuli, metabolism, and cellular structure

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2
Q

do viruses experience growth

A

no

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3
Q

do viruses reproduce

A

their host cell replicated virus

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4
Q

do viruses respond to stimuli

A

some can react to host

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5
Q

do viruses have metabolism

A

they use host cells metabolism

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6
Q

do viruses have cell structure

A

no , they lack cytoplasmic membrane of cell structure

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7
Q

mycoplasma def

A

small microbe, doesnt move. is alive.

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8
Q

organelle def

A

a specialized structure inside a ccell that performs one or more different funcitons

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9
Q

external structures of bacterial cells

A

glycocalyces
cell wall
flagellum
cytoplasmic membrane

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10
Q

glycocalyces def

A

gelatinous, sticky substance surroundign the outside of the cell

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11
Q

what are glycocalyces made of

A

polypeptides (proteins) and/ or polysaccharides (sugars)

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12
Q

what are the 2 types of glycocalyces

A

capsule
slime layer

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13
Q

capsule def

A

firmly attatched to cell surface, is a defense strategy

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14
Q

slime layer def

A

is loosely attached to cell surface, and adheres to surfaces

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15
Q

cell wall def/ purpose

A

provides sturcture and shape, protect cels from stressors, contains peptidoglycan, gives basic shapes

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16
Q

what are the two basic cell shapes

A

cocci : spheres
bacilli: rod-shaped

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17
Q

Peptidoglycan def

A

mesh like polymer of long polysaccharide chains connected together by peptides

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18
Q

what are peptidoglycan made of

A

two alternating sugars (NAG and NAM)
those chains are connected by peptides (amino acids)

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19
Q

Gram Tests are used for what

A

to determine if the bacteria is classified as either gram positive of gram negative. this distinction is found in the cell wall.

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20
Q

gram positive bacterial cell walls def

A

relatively thick layer of peptitoglycan
contain unique chemicals called teichoic acids and lipoteichoic acids

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21
Q

teichoic acids vs lipoteichoic acids

A

teichoic acids only go into the poptitoglycan
and the lipoteichoic acids go thout the plasma membrane and the peptitoglycan

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22
Q

Pink vs Purple gram stain

A

positive is purple
and negative is pink

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23
Q

peptitoglycan layer thickness

A

thick in positive
thin in negative

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24
Q

gram negative bacterial cell walls def

A

have only a thin layer of peptidoglycan
possess outer membrane, an additional bilayer membran outside the peptidoglycan

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25
Q

what can an outer membrane do,

A

block antibiotics

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26
Q

outer membrae of gram neg bacteria

A

contains lipids, proteins, and LPS , also ccalled endotoxin

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27
Q

LPS

A

Lipopolysaccharide

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28
Q

Porins def

A

Protein in outer membrane that transports molecules into/out of cells

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29
Q

Periplasm def

A

the space between cytoplasmic membrane and outer membrane

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30
Q

Bacterial cell walls can also be what

A

acid fast bacteria or bacteria without cell walls

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31
Q

acid fast bacteria def

A

may contain waxy materials in their cell wall such as mycolic acid
gram stain doesnt work , must use an acid stain

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32
Q

bacteria without cell walls def

A

a few bacterias doint have cell walls, but they still have other features of prokayotic cells such as plasma membrane and ribosomes

33
Q

Flagellum types bacteria

A

flagella and fimbriae

34
Q

flagella def bacteria

A

responsible for movement, vary in number, long protein structures, aid in mobility

35
Q

spirochetes def bacteria

A

some have internal flagella like structures that make the bacteria a sprial shape

36
Q

flagella movement cc and c bacteria

A

cc it will go straight and c it will tumble

37
Q

taxis def

A

movement toward soemthing like a stimulus (ex. chemotaxis or phenotaxis )

38
Q

fimbriae description bacteria

A

sticky bristle like projections, shorter than flagella

39
Q

fimbraie functions bacteria

A

adhesion to attaach to host cells and motility (twitches )

40
Q

pili def bacteria

A

specialized type of fimbriae.
they transfer DNA from one cell to anotherr

41
Q

conjugation def

A

the transfer fo DNA from one cell to another

42
Q

Cytoplasmic membrane functions

A

to control passage of substnaces in and out of the cell, similar function to eukaryotic cytoplasmic membrane, selectively permeable.

43
Q

how can a cell wall help against stressors

A

resists osmotic pressure

44
Q

cytoplasm of bacteria contains what

A

endospores

45
Q

endospores def

A

unique structures produced by some bacteria.
a defensive strategy in unfavorable or nutrient poor conditions
resistant to extremem conditions such as heat, radiation, adn chemicals

46
Q

cytoplasm of prokaryotes ex

A

nonmembranous organells like ribosomes

47
Q

ribosomes def

A

they are non membranous organelles that’s main function is to synthesize proteins

48
Q

what are ribosomes composed of

A

polypeptides and ribosomal RNA

49
Q

Ribosomal size

A

differences in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. P is 70S and E is 80S

50
Q

S is Svedbergs . Rate of ____

A

sedimentation during centrifugatium

51
Q

What are many archaea known as

A

extremophiles

52
Q

flagella of archaea

A

thinner in archaea
different amino acid structure

53
Q

fimbriae and humii of archaea

A

many archaea have fimbriae, and some make fimbria like structures called humi

54
Q

humi def

A

fimbria like structures
lookes like a grappling hook
is used for adherence

55
Q

cell walls of archaea

A

NO peptidoglycan
many different shapes
contain variety of other specialized polysacchorrides and proteins

56
Q

how is archacal cytoplasm similar to bacterial cytoplasm

A

both have 70S ribosomes and both have circular DNA

57
Q

differences between archeal cytoplasm and bacterial

A

the ribosomal proteins are diff
the metabolic enzymes to make RNA are diff
the genetic code is more similar to Eukaryotes in Archea

58
Q

3 domains of microbes based on comparison of ribosomal RNA genes

A

bacteria, archaea, eukaryotes

59
Q

Is Archaea or Bacteria more closely related to Eukaryotes, using a rRNA gene analysis

A

Archaea

60
Q

Cytoplasm of Eukaryotes

A

contains a variety of organelles that are surrounded by a phospholipid bilayer (nuclus, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi body)

61
Q

do fungi have cell walls

A

yes

62
Q

do plants have cell walls

A

yes

63
Q

do algae have cell walls

A

yes

64
Q

do protozoa have cell walls

A

some

65
Q

Flagella of Eukaryotes

A

they differ structually and functionally from prokaryotes, and they move differently

66
Q

Cilia in Eukaryotes

A

are shorter and more numerous, aid in movement, coordinate and propel the cell

67
Q

Membranous organelles of Eukaryotes in include…

A

mitochondria nd chloroplasts

68
Q

mitochondria of eukaryotes info

A

produce most of the cells ATP
have 2 membranes composed of phospholipid bilayer
contain 70S ribosomes and a circular DNA

69
Q

how many phospholipid bilayer membrane does a mitochondrion have

A

2

70
Q

what produces most of the cells ATP in Eukaryotes t

A

the mitochondria

71
Q

chloroplasts info

A

harverst light using photosynthesis, use the light to make ATP, has 2 phospholipd bilayer membranes, have 70S ribosomes and circular DNA

72
Q

how many phospholipid bilayer membrane does a chloroplast have

A

2

73
Q

Endosymbiotic theory basically says what

A

that the eukaryote is formed from the union of a small aerobic prokaryote with a larger anaerobic prokaryote. and that the smaller one eveolved into the mitochondria

74
Q

CHloroplasts vs mitochondria

A

both have a circular genomic DNA

75
Q

CAN you amber, tell the differences between bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes ?

A
76
Q

CAN you amber, tell what makes viruses different from Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes?

A
77
Q

CAN you amber, describe the differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A
78
Q

Can you amber, tell the differences between a gram positive and a gram negative bacteria cell

A

Micro Biology (19 decks)

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