Chapter 3 Flashcards
what are characteristics that occur in all bacteria, archaea, and Eukaryotes
growth, reproduction, responsiveness to stimuli, metabolism, and cellular structure
do viruses experience growth
no
do viruses reproduce
their host cell replicated virus
do viruses respond to stimuli
some can react to host
do viruses have metabolism
they use host cells metabolism
do viruses have cell structure
no , they lack cytoplasmic membrane of cell structure
mycoplasma def
small microbe, doesnt move. is alive.
organelle def
a specialized structure inside a ccell that performs one or more different funcitons
external structures of bacterial cells
glycocalyces
cell wall
flagellum
cytoplasmic membrane
glycocalyces def
gelatinous, sticky substance surroundign the outside of the cell
what are glycocalyces made of
polypeptides (proteins) and/ or polysaccharides (sugars)
what are the 2 types of glycocalyces
capsule
slime layer
capsule def
firmly attatched to cell surface, is a defense strategy
slime layer def
is loosely attached to cell surface, and adheres to surfaces
cell wall def/ purpose
provides sturcture and shape, protect cels from stressors, contains peptidoglycan, gives basic shapes
what are the two basic cell shapes
cocci : spheres
bacilli: rod-shaped
Peptidoglycan def
mesh like polymer of long polysaccharide chains connected together by peptides
what are peptidoglycan made of
two alternating sugars (NAG and NAM)
those chains are connected by peptides (amino acids)
Gram Tests are used for what
to determine if the bacteria is classified as either gram positive of gram negative. this distinction is found in the cell wall.
gram positive bacterial cell walls def
relatively thick layer of peptitoglycan
contain unique chemicals called teichoic acids and lipoteichoic acids
teichoic acids vs lipoteichoic acids
teichoic acids only go into the poptitoglycan
and the lipoteichoic acids go thout the plasma membrane and the peptitoglycan
Pink vs Purple gram stain
positive is purple
and negative is pink
peptitoglycan layer thickness
thick in positive
thin in negative
gram negative bacterial cell walls def
have only a thin layer of peptidoglycan
possess outer membrane, an additional bilayer membran outside the peptidoglycan
what can an outer membrane do,
block antibiotics
outer membrae of gram neg bacteria
contains lipids, proteins, and LPS , also ccalled endotoxin
LPS
Lipopolysaccharide
Porins def
Protein in outer membrane that transports molecules into/out of cells
Periplasm def
the space between cytoplasmic membrane and outer membrane
Bacterial cell walls can also be what
acid fast bacteria or bacteria without cell walls
acid fast bacteria def
may contain waxy materials in their cell wall such as mycolic acid
gram stain doesnt work , must use an acid stain
bacteria without cell walls def
a few bacterias doint have cell walls, but they still have other features of prokayotic cells such as plasma membrane and ribosomes
Flagellum types bacteria
flagella and fimbriae
flagella def bacteria
responsible for movement, vary in number, long protein structures, aid in mobility
spirochetes def bacteria
some have internal flagella like structures that make the bacteria a sprial shape
flagella movement cc and c bacteria
cc it will go straight and c it will tumble
taxis def
movement toward soemthing like a stimulus (ex. chemotaxis or phenotaxis )
fimbriae description bacteria
sticky bristle like projections, shorter than flagella
fimbraie functions bacteria
adhesion to attaach to host cells and motility (twitches )
pili def bacteria
specialized type of fimbriae.
they transfer DNA from one cell to anotherr
conjugation def
the transfer fo DNA from one cell to another
Cytoplasmic membrane functions
to control passage of substnaces in and out of the cell, similar function to eukaryotic cytoplasmic membrane, selectively permeable.
how can a cell wall help against stressors
resists osmotic pressure
cytoplasm of bacteria contains what
endospores
endospores def
unique structures produced by some bacteria.
a defensive strategy in unfavorable or nutrient poor conditions
resistant to extremem conditions such as heat, radiation, adn chemicals
cytoplasm of prokaryotes ex
nonmembranous organells like ribosomes
ribosomes def
they are non membranous organelles that’s main function is to synthesize proteins
what are ribosomes composed of
polypeptides and ribosomal RNA
Ribosomal size
differences in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. P is 70S and E is 80S
S is Svedbergs . Rate of ____
sedimentation during centrifugatium
What are many archaea known as
extremophiles
flagella of archaea
thinner in archaea
different amino acid structure
fimbriae and humii of archaea
many archaea have fimbriae, and some make fimbria like structures called humi
humi def
fimbria like structures
lookes like a grappling hook
is used for adherence
cell walls of archaea
NO peptidoglycan
many different shapes
contain variety of other specialized polysacchorrides and proteins
how is archacal cytoplasm similar to bacterial cytoplasm
both have 70S ribosomes and both have circular DNA
differences between archeal cytoplasm and bacterial
the ribosomal proteins are diff
the metabolic enzymes to make RNA are diff
the genetic code is more similar to Eukaryotes in Archea
3 domains of microbes based on comparison of ribosomal RNA genes
bacteria, archaea, eukaryotes
Is Archaea or Bacteria more closely related to Eukaryotes, using a rRNA gene analysis
Archaea
Cytoplasm of Eukaryotes
contains a variety of organelles that are surrounded by a phospholipid bilayer (nuclus, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi body)
do fungi have cell walls
yes
do plants have cell walls
yes
do algae have cell walls
yes
do protozoa have cell walls
some
Flagella of Eukaryotes
they differ structually and functionally from prokaryotes, and they move differently
Cilia in Eukaryotes
are shorter and more numerous, aid in movement, coordinate and propel the cell
Membranous organelles of Eukaryotes in include…
mitochondria nd chloroplasts
mitochondria of eukaryotes info
produce most of the cells ATP
have 2 membranes composed of phospholipid bilayer
contain 70S ribosomes and a circular DNA
how many phospholipid bilayer membrane does a mitochondrion have
2
what produces most of the cells ATP in Eukaryotes t
the mitochondria
chloroplasts info
harverst light using photosynthesis, use the light to make ATP, has 2 phospholipd bilayer membranes, have 70S ribosomes and circular DNA
how many phospholipid bilayer membrane does a chloroplast have
2
Endosymbiotic theory basically says what
that the eukaryote is formed from the union of a small aerobic prokaryote with a larger anaerobic prokaryote. and that the smaller one eveolved into the mitochondria
CHloroplasts vs mitochondria
both have a circular genomic DNA
CAN you amber, tell the differences between bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes ?
CAN you amber, tell what makes viruses different from Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes?
CAN you amber, describe the differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Can you amber, tell the differences between a gram positive and a gram negative bacteria cell
