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Biology 1407 > Chapter 46 Animal Reproduction > Flashcards

Chapter 46 Animal Reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

how do prokaryotes reproduce? eukaryotes?

A
  • asexual

- asexual and sexual

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2
Q

two types of asexual reproduction?

A

fission- separate into two, about the same size (invertebrates)
budding- happens in yeast and hydra

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3
Q

complete organism formed from a fragment of the parent body. seen in starfish, planarian, and cnidarians

A

fragmentation/regeneration

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4
Q

development of offspring from unfertilized eggs

A

parthenogenesis

some animals reproduce sexually or parthenogenetically

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5
Q

How do most eukaryotic species reproduce?

A

sexually

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6
Q
  • related to changing seasons
  • controlled by hormones
  • seasonal temperature
A

reproductive cycles

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7
Q

what is unique about whiptail lizards?

A

-asexual but still have male and female mating behaviors based on hormone fluctuations

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8
Q
  • have both male and female reproductive systems
  • in some species, organisms can fertilize their own eggs
  • most exchange sperm with another individual to increase genetic diversity
  • some have sex reversal
A

hermaphroditism

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9
Q
  • eggs and sperm are released in close proximity
  • occurs in aquatic environments
  • species-specific behaviors to bring egg and sperm together
  • usually release very large numbers of eggs at once (spawning- when they release their gametes at the same time)
A

external fertilization

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10
Q

internal fertilization is typically associated with production of _______ gametes but the survival of a ________ fraction of zygotes.
parental care of young.

A

fewer, higher

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11
Q

germ cells multiple by mitosis resulting in __________ or _________. They then multiply again by mitosis to produce primary ________ and ________.

A

spermatogonia (2n) or oogonia (2n)

spermatocytes, oocytes
may undergo processes of meiosis to form gametes

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12
Q

enzyme in sperm head to help sperm penetrate the egg

A

acrosome

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13
Q

spermatogonia –>
primary spermatocytes undergo meiosis I to produce…

then undergoes meiosis II to produce…

A

2 haploid secondary spermatocytes

4 haploid spermatids, eventually mature to become sperm

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14
Q

spermatogonia is… (haploid or diploid?)

A

diploid, haploid after meiosis I

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15
Q

in spermatogenesis, one cell eventually becomes…

in oogenesis…

A

4 gametes

1 gamete for each primary oocyte

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16
Q

what are the two layers around the ova?

A

zona pellucida and cumulus mass

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17
Q

in mammals, oogenesis begins in the…

A

female fetus before birth

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18
Q

primary oocytes begin meiosis but get arrested in….

A

prophase I,

every monthly cycle completes meiosis 1

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19
Q

in oogenesis, each meiotic division results in 1 large cell (________ in meosis I and ______ in meiosis II) and 1 small cell (polar body)

A

secondary oocyte, ovum

20
Q

spermatogenesis differs from oogenesis in what three ways?

A
  • all four products of meiosis develop into sperm while only one of the four becomes an egg
  • occurs throughout adolescences and adulthood
  • sperm are produced continuously without the prolonged interruptions in oogenesis
21
Q

in fertilization, sperm contact plasma membrane of ova using _______ enzymes in acrosome to digest the _________.

A

proteolytic, zona pellucida

22
Q

scrotum holds testes where sperm can develop at ___ degrees C lower than the core body temperature

A

2

23
Q

when the sperm fertilizes the egg, only the _______ enters.

A

nucleus

24
Q

sperm is manufactured in the ________ within the testicles

A

seminiferous tubules

25
Q

site of spermatogenesis? what cells do they contain?

A

seminiferous tubules, leydig cells to secrete testosterone and sertoli cells that provide nutrients and protection to the developing sperm

26
Q

where does sperm become fully mature?

what leads to ejaculatory duct and urethra?

A

in the epididymis

vas deferns

27
Q

sperm is about ____% of the semen volume

A

5

28
Q

what is the fluid of semen composed of?

A
  • fluid from seminal vesicles that produce 60% of the semen volume
  • fluid from the bulbourethral glands (small gland beneath the prostate) produce alkaline fluid
  • fluid from the prostate gland, anticoagulant and citrate, to enhance the motility of the sperm
29
Q
  • regulates process in gonads

- production of sex hormones

A

LH and FSH

30
Q

what are the sex hormones responsible for?

A
  • gamete production
  • sexual behavior
  • primary and secondary sex characteristics
31
Q

-stimulates Leydig cells to produce testosterone

A

LH

32
Q

-acts on Sertoli cells and germ cells to stimulate spermatogenesis

A

testosterone

33
Q

controlled by negative feedback

stimulates Sertoli cells and spermatogenesis

A

FSH and testosterone

34
Q

what gets released when the follicle breaks open?

A

secondary oocyte

35
Q

______ convey the egg to the uterus

_______ draws the egg into the oviduct

A

cilia

fimbriae

36
Q

females are born with all the ________ they will ever have

A

primary oocytes

37
Q

primary oocytes are present at birth, they are arrested in ____________
each month the primary oocyte will be completing ________

secondary oocyte arrested at ________

A

prophase of meiosis I

meiosis I

metaphase of meiosis II, if sperm penetrates then meiosis II will resume

38
Q

blastocyte is a ball of ______ cells that enters the uterus

A

32-150

39
Q

_________ have a negative feedback effect on the hypothalamus and pituitary in the luteal phase

A

progesterone and estrogen

40
Q

in the ovarian cycle, the hypothalamus is inhibited by… and stimulated by…

A

combination of estradiol and progesterone

41
Q

in the ovarian cycle, the pituitary is inhibited by…

A

low levels of estradiol

42
Q

small amounts of ______ stimulate the follicle to grow

A

LH and FSH

43
Q

when estradiol increases, _______ increasses

A

LH and FSH

44
Q

the uterine phase where the endometrium thickens that coordinates with the follicular phase

A

proliferative phase

45
Q

the uterine phase that includes the secretion of nutrients and coordinates with the luteal phase

A

secretory

Biology 1407 (22 decks)

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