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Biology 1407 > Chapter 40 Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function > Flashcards

Chapter 40 Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function Flashcards

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1
Q

The comparative study of animals reveals that form and function are __________ correlated.

A

Closely

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2
Q

Evolutionary ____________ reflects different species adaptations to a similar environmental challenge

A

Convergence

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3
Q

Rate of exchange is proportional to a cell’s ___________ while

Amount of exchange material is proportional to a cell’s ________

A

Surface area

Volume

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4
Q

The surface area to volume ratio gets ___________ as the cell gets larger

A

Smaller

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5
Q

Does diffusion happen in humans?

A

No, only when the organism is two cells thick

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6
Q

More complex organisms have…

For exchanging materials

A

Highly folded internal surfaces

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7
Q

In vertebrates, the space between cells is filled with _____________, which allows for the movement of materials into and out of cells

A

Interstitial fluid

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8
Q

Most animals are composed of specialized cells organized into ___________ that have different functions

A

Tissues

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9
Q

Tissues are classified into four main categories:

A
  • epithelial
  • connective
  • muscle
  • nervous
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10
Q

Epithelial tissue functions…

A
  • protection
  • sensation
  • secretion
  • absorption
  • excretion
  • diffusion
  • cleaning
  • reduces friction
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11
Q
  • tissue that Covers the outside of the body and lines the organs and cavities within the body
  • it contains cells that are closely joined
  • the shape of these cells can vary
A

Epithelial tissue

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12
Q

This shape of epithelial tissue is used for secretion

A

Cuboidal (like dice)

-Circular nucleus

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13
Q

This shape of epithelial tissue is used for secretion and selective absorption

A

Columnar (like bricks on end)

-elongated nucleus at base of cells, seen in stomach intestines mucus

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14
Q

This shape of epithelial tissue is used for exchange of materials by diffusion

A

Squamous (like floor tiles)

Alveolus, gas exchange, blood vessels

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15
Q

Some _________ epithelial tissue have goblet cells that secrete mucus

A

Columnar

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16
Q

This type of epithelial tissue is used as a protective barrier. Seen in the skin and esophagus lining

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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17
Q

What are the different arrangements of epithelial cells?

A
  • Single cell layer
  • stratified (multiple tiers of cells)
  • Pseudostratified (A single layer of cells of varying lengths, nuclei are in different locations)
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18
Q

Where is stratified epithelial cells found?

A

Mouth, skin, anus, vagina

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19
Q

Epithelial cells do not have polarity

True or false?

A

False. Epithelial cells have polarity.

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20
Q

In epithelial cells the apical surface faces the lumen and is therefore exposed to fluid or air

The opposite side is the basal __________ which is connected to the basil ________.

A

Surface
Lamina

Apical surface —> basal surface —> Basil lamina

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21
Q
  • This tissue binds and supports other tissues

- contain sparsely packed cells scattered throughout an extracellular matrix

A

Connective tissue

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22
Q

What is the matrix?

A

Web of fibers in bedded in a liquid, can be jelly like or solid foundation

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23
Q

Fiber cells are called ___________ and secrete….

A

Fibroblasts

Fiber proteins

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24
Q

What are the three types of connective tissue fibers?

A
  • collagenous fibers (strength and flexibility)
  • elastic fibers (stretch and snapback, elastic properties)
  • reticular fibers (join connective tissue to adjacent tissues)
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25
Q

What is the function of Fibroblasts?

A

Secrete proteins to make fibers

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26
Q

What is the function of macrophages?

A

Part of the immune system (WBC), engulfs foreign debris.

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27
Q

What are the six major types of connective tissue?

A
  • loose connective tissue
  • cartilage
  • fibrous connective tissue
  • Adipose tissue
  • blood
  • bone
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28
Q

This type of connective tissue binds epithelial to underlying tissue. Holds organs in place

A

Loose connective tissue

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29
Q

This type of connective tissue contains chondrocytes that secrete collagen and chondroitin sulfate. Makes a strong but very flexible material.

A

Cartilage

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30
Q

Type of connective tissue that is very dense* with Collagenous fibers, and less matrix. include tendons and ligaments

Where are tendons and ligaments found?

A

Fibrous connective tissue

Tendons-Connect muscle to bone
Ligaments-Connect bone to bone

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31
Q

Type of connective tissue that is very loose and stores fat for padding and insulating the body

A

Adipose tissue

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32
Q

This connective tissue contains plasma that is a liquid matrix composed of erythrocytes, leukocytes, cell fragments called platelets, water, salt, and dissolved proteins.

A

Blood

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33
Q

This type of connective tissue is mineralized and forms the skeleton, contains osteoblasts

A

Bone

34
Q

Bone forming cells called ___________ deposit a matrix of collagen. Calcium, magnesium, and phosphate ions combine into a hard mineral within the matrix.

A

Osteoblasts

35
Q

What are the different types of muscle tissue?

A
  • Skeletal muscle
  • smooth muscle
  • cardiac muscle
36
Q

Skeletal muscle is….

A

Striated, voluntary movements, sarcomeres

37
Q

Smooth muscle…

A

Lack striations, involuntary movements, spindle-shaped

Ex: turning of the stomach, construction of arteries

38
Q

Cardiac muscle…

A

branched, striated, intercalated discs (so the muscles can contract in unison), involuntary

39
Q

Type of tissue that senses stimuli and transmit signals throughout the animal
Contains neurons and glial cells

A

Nervous tissue

40
Q

Nerve cells that transmit nerve impulses from axons

A

Neurons. These do not divide

41
Q

These cells help nourish, insulate, and replenish neurons

These cells can divide.

A

Glial cells/glia

42
Q

Coordination and control within a body depends on which two systems?

A

Nervous and endocrine system

43
Q

This body system transmits hormones to receptive cells throughout the body via blood

  • hormones may affect one or more regions in the body
  • slow acting, but can have long lasting effects
  • gradual changes affect entire body (growth and development)
A

Endocrine system

44
Q
  • transmits information between specific locations
  • The information conveyed depends on a signal pathway not the type of signal
  • Signal transmission is very fast
  • impulses can be received by neurons, muscle cells, endocrine cells, and exocrine cells
  • provides immediate and rapid responses to the environment
A

The nervous system

45
Q

In the nervous system, information conveyed depends on a signal’s _____________, Not the type of signal.

A

Pathway

46
Q

Animals manage their internal environment by __________ or __________ to the external environment.

A

Regulating or conforming

47
Q

Animals may regulate some environmental variables while conforming to others.

True or false?

A

True

48
Q

Which type of animal maintains constant internal conditions?

Regulator or conformer?

A

Regulator

49
Q

_______________ moderate changes in the internal environment

A

Mechanisms of homeostasis

50
Q

For a given variable, fluctuations above or below a set point serve as a _________

These are detected by a…
And trigger a….

A

Stimulus

Sensor
Response

51
Q
  • Used to maintain dynamic equilibrium of homeostasis
  • helps to return a variable to a normal range
  • build up of the end product shut the system off
A

Negative feedback

  • most homeostatic control systems function this way
52
Q

Amplifies a stimulus and does not usually contribute to homeostasis in animals

A

Positive feedback

53
Q

What are examples of alterations in homeostasis?

A

Changes due to age or cyclical variation (mensural cycle hormones), Circadian rhythms

54
Q

Homeostasis can adjust to changes in external environment by a process called…

A

Acclimatization

body adapts* ex: High altitude, blood pH becomes more basic, increase in respiration, increase in production of red blood cells

55
Q

The process by which animals maintain an internal temperature within a tolerable range

A

Thermalregulation

56
Q

-animals generate heat by metabolism
-maintain constant body temperature
Ex: birds and mammals

A

Endothermic

57
Q

-animals gain heat from external sources

Ex: most invertebrates, fishes, amphibians, nonavian reptiles

A

Ectothermic

58
Q

Which is energetically more expensive?

Endotherm‘s or ectotherm‘s?

A

Endotherms

59
Q

In general, ___________ tolerate greater variation in internal temperature, while __________ are active at a greater range of external temperatures

A

Ectotherms

Endotherms

60
Q

Body temperature varies with its environment

A

Poikilotherm

Ex: bats, animals that hibernate

61
Q

Body temperature is relatively constant

A

Homeotherm

Ex: fish that live in a Constant environmental temperature

62
Q

Organisms exchange heat by four physical processes…

A
  • radiation: emissions of electromagnetic waves
  • evaporation
  • convection: transfer by wind, air, water to heat
  • conduction: Direct contact
63
Q

Heat regulation in mammals often involves the ___________ system.

A

Integumentary

64
Q

Five adaptations that help animals thermoregulate…

A
  • insulation
  • circulatory adaptations
  • cooling by evaporative heat loss
  • behavioral responses
  • adjusting metabolic heat production
65
Q
  • A major thermal regulatory adaptation in mammals and birds

- especially important in marine mammals such as whales and walruses (blubber)

A

Insulation

66
Q

The transfer of heat between fluids flowing in opposite directions and reduce heat loss
- heat of the arteries goes to the vein

A

Countercurrent exchange

67
Q
  • The adjustment of metabolic heat production to maintain body temperature
  • increased by muscle activity such as moving or shivering
A

Thermogenesis

68
Q

What type of fat is specialized for making heat?

A

Brown fat

69
Q

Takes place with hormones cause mitochondria to increase their metabolic activity. Instead of making ATP in mitochondria will make Heat.

A

Non-shivering thermogenesis

70
Q

What region of the brain controls thermal regulation?

Triggers heat loss or heat generating mechanisms

A

Hypothalamus

71
Q

This is the overall flow and transformation of energy in an animal
It determines how much food animal needs and it relates to animals size, activity, and environment

A

Bioenergetics

72
Q

______________ includes body growth and repair, synthesis of storage material such as fat, and production of gametes

A

Biosynthesis

73
Q
  • amount of energy an animal uses in a unit of time (measured in joules)
  • can be determined by an animal’s heat loss, the amount of oxygen or carbon dioxide produced, food consumption and waste
A

Metabolic rate

74
Q

The metabolic rate of an endothermic at rest at a comfortable temperature

A

Basal metabolic rate (BMR)

75
Q

The metabolic rate of an ectotherm at rest at a specific temperature

A

Standard metabolic rate (SMR)

76
Q

What are two influences on metabolic rate besides whether an animal is an endothermic or ectotherm?

A

Size and activity

77
Q

__________ animals have higher metabolic rate per gram

A

Smaller

-smaller animals have higher oxygen delivery rate, breathing rate, heart rate, integrative relative blood volume compared to larger animals

78
Q

In general, the maximum metabolic rate an animal can sustain is _________ Related to the duration of the activity

A

Inversely

79
Q
  • different species use energy and materials in food in different ways, depending on their environment
  • Use of energy is partitioned to BMR (or SMR), activity, thermal regulation, growth, and reproduction
A

Energy budgets

80
Q

-The physiological state in which activity is low and metabolism decreases

A

Torpor

Ex: sleep, bats

81
Q

Long term torpor that is an adaptation to winter cold and food scarcity

A

Hibernation

82
Q

Summer torpor that enables animals to survive long periods of high temperatures and scare water

A

Estivation

Biology 1407 (22 decks)

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