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Biology 1407 > Chapter 29 Plant Diversity 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 29 Plant Diversity 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the closets living relatives to land plants?

A

Charophytes (green algae)

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2
Q

What are they four key traits land plants share only with charophytes?

A
  • rings of cellulose-synthesizing proteins
  • structures of flagellated sperm (resembles green algae but not all are this way)
  • formation of phragmoplast
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3
Q

Adaptation enabling the move to land

  • durable polymer
  • prevents exposed zygotes from drying out***
  • present in charophytes
  • present in plant spore walls
A

Sporopollenin

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4
Q

What is a derived trait of plants?

A

Pants defined as embryophytes, plants with embryos

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5
Q

What are five key derived traits that are present in land plants but absent in charophytes?

A
  • alternation of generations
  • multicellular, dependent embryos
  • walled spores produced in sporangia
  • multicellular gametangia
  • apical meristems
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6
Q

Plants alternate between haploid and diploid stages
Both haploid and diploid stages exist in multicellular stages

  • gametophyte
  • sporophyte
A

Alternation of Generations

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7
Q

Haploid and produces haploid gametes by mitosis

Spores give rise to this…

A

Gametophyte

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8
Q

Fusion of the gametes gives rise to the diploid

Produces haploid spores by meiosis

Within structures called sporangia

A

Sporophyte

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9
Q

Spores give rise to __________

A

Gametophytes

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10
Q

Sporophytes are within structures called _____________

Spores give rise to _____________

A

Sporingia

Gametophytes

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11
Q

Why are land plants called embryophytes?

A

Have a protective embryo -embryo is dependent on the parent for nutrients

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12
Q

The diploid embryo is retained within the tissue of the female ____________

-placental transfer cells

A

Gametophyte

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13
Q

Where spores are formed and made

A

Sporangia

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14
Q

What do sporocytes generate?

A

Spores (Haploid)

-capable of undergoing meiosis

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15
Q
  • spore walls

- resistant to harsh environments

A

Sporopollenin

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16
Q

Includes archegonia and antheridia, produces egg and sperm

A

Gametangia

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17
Q

What is the female gametangia called? The male?

A

Archegonia -produces egg

Antheridia -produces sperm

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18
Q

What happens at the apical meristems?

A

Found in roots and shoots. It’s the area of rapid growth

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19
Q

Waxy coating that prevents water loss

A

Cuticle

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20
Q

The association of roots and fungus

A

Mycorrhizae

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21
Q

The opening or pore used for gas exchange

A

Stomata

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22
Q

Land plants can be informally group based on the presence or absence of____________

A

Vascular tissue

  • Nonvascular plants (bryophytes)
  • vascular plants (most plants)
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23
Q

What are the seedless vascular plants?

A

Lycophytes (Club mosses and their relatives)

Monilophytes (ferns and their relatives)

24
Q

What is a seed?

A

The embryo and the nutrients

25
What are the seed plants with vascular tissue?
Gymnosperms- the “naked seed” plants. The conifers(cones) Angiosperms- the flowering plants(fruits)
26
In nonvascular plants the ___________ generation is dominant
Gametophyte
27
The gametophyte generation is dependent on the ______________ in vascular plants
Sporophyte
28
What are the three phyla of nonvascular bryophyte (nonwoody) plants ?
Liverworts -phylum hepatophyta Hornworts -phylum Anthocerophyta Mosses -phylum Bryophyta
29
What are characteristics of bryophytes?
- gametophytes are larger and longer living then sporophytes - Sporophytes are typically present only part of the time They DO NOT have true roots, leaves, lignified cell walls
30
____________ anchor gametophytes to substrate
Rhizoids
31
Bryophyte gametophytes... A spore germinates into a gametophyte composed of a ___________ and gamete-producing ______________.
Protonema Gametophore
32
The height of a gametophyte is constrained by lack of...
Vascular tissues
33
How does fertilization take place in bryophytes?
Sperm swim through a film of water to reach and fertilize the egg
34
Bryophyte sporophytes grow out of _____________, and are the ________ and _________ sporophytes of all extant plant groups
Archegonia Smallest and simplest
35
What does a sporophyte consist of?
A foot, a seta(stalk), and a sporangium (also called a capsule, which discharges spores through a peristome
36
In bryophyte...This absorbs nutrients from gametophyte
Foot
37
Models of earliest terrestrial plants | Two basic types in liverworts (phylum hepatophyta)
Thalloid | Leafy
38
- first species to colonize moist areas with moist soil | * **symbiotic relationship with nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria
Hornworts (phylum Anthocerophyta)
39
- Found all over the world - becomes dormant if the environment becomes dry - helps harbor and retain nitrogen - can live in extreme environments
Mosses (phylum Bryophyta)
40
What is the ecological and economic importance of mosses?
- Might help retain nitrogen in the soil!*** - capable of inhabiting diverse and extreme environments but are especially common in most Forrest and wetlands - peat moss forms extensive deposits of partially decayed organic material, this is used for fuel and as a preservative ex:mummy
41
What is a characteristic of sperm in ferns and and other seedless vascular plants?
Sperm still has to swim
42
What are the traits of vascular plants?
Early vascular plants had independent, branching sporophytes
43
What are living vascular plants characterized by?
- lifecycles with dominant sporophytes - vascular tissues called xylem and phloem - well developed roots and leaves
44
Lifecycles with dominant sporophytes...
- sporophytes of seedless vascular plants are the larger generation - gametophytes are tiny plants(grow on or below the soil surface)
45
Vascular plants have what two types of vascular tissue?
-xylem (conducts most of the water and minerals) •tracheids- water conducting cells •lignin(gives rigid/hardened support) -phloem (consists of living cells and contributes sugar, amino acids, and other organic products)
46
Organs that anchor vascular plants Enable vascular plants to absorb water and nutrients from the soil
Roots
47
Leaves are categorized by what two types?
- microphylls- single wing | - megaphylls- leaves with a highly branched vascular system
48
Modified leaves with sporangia
Sporophylls
49
Cluster of sporangia on the undersides of sporophylls (leafs)
Sori
50
Cone-like structures formed from groups of sporophylls
Strobili
51
Most seedless vascular plants are _____________, producing one type of spore that develops into a bisexual gametophyte
Homosporous
52
ALL seed plants and some seedless vascular plants are ___________.
Heterosporous
53
Heterospores species produce _____________, which give rise to female gametophytes, and _____________, which give rise to male gametophytes
Megaspores Microspores
54
What are the two phyla of seedless vascular plants?
- phylum Lycophyta (club mosses, spike mosses, and quillworts) - phylum Monilophyta (ferns, horsetails, and wisk ferns and their relatives
55
- giant lycophytes trees thrive for millions of years in moist swamps - surviving species are small herbaceous(non-woody) plants - Club mosses and spike mosses have vascular tissues and are not true mosses Club mosses, spike mosses, and quillworts
Phylum Lycophyta
56
- ferns are the most diverse seedless vascular plants, with more than 12,000 species - they are the most diverse in the tropics but also thrive in temperate forest - ferns, horsetails, and whisk ferns Horsetail-stems have silicon dioxide used for cleaning
Phylum Monilophyta
57
What is the significance of seedless vascular plants?
- increased growth and photosynthesis removed CO2, this may have contributed to global cooling that contributed to glacier formation - The decaying plants of these Carboniferous forests eventually became Coal, peat is used as a Fuel source

Biology 1407 (22 decks)

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