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Biology 1407 > Chapter 29 Plant Diversity 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 29 Plant Diversity 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the closets living relatives to land plants?

A

Charophytes (green algae)

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2
Q

What are they four key traits land plants share only with charophytes?

A
  • rings of cellulose-synthesizing proteins
  • structures of flagellated sperm (resembles green algae but not all are this way)
  • formation of phragmoplast
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3
Q

Adaptation enabling the move to land

  • durable polymer
  • prevents exposed zygotes from drying out***
  • present in charophytes
  • present in plant spore walls
A

Sporopollenin

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4
Q

What is a derived trait of plants?

A

Pants defined as embryophytes, plants with embryos

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5
Q

What are five key derived traits that are present in land plants but absent in charophytes?

A
  • alternation of generations
  • multicellular, dependent embryos
  • walled spores produced in sporangia
  • multicellular gametangia
  • apical meristems
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6
Q

Plants alternate between haploid and diploid stages
Both haploid and diploid stages exist in multicellular stages

  • gametophyte
  • sporophyte
A

Alternation of Generations

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7
Q

Haploid and produces haploid gametes by mitosis

Spores give rise to this…

A

Gametophyte

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8
Q

Fusion of the gametes gives rise to the diploid

Produces haploid spores by meiosis

Within structures called sporangia

A

Sporophyte

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9
Q

Spores give rise to __________

A

Gametophytes

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10
Q

Sporophytes are within structures called _____________

Spores give rise to _____________

A

Sporingia

Gametophytes

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11
Q

Why are land plants called embryophytes?

A

Have a protective embryo -embryo is dependent on the parent for nutrients

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12
Q

The diploid embryo is retained within the tissue of the female ____________

-placental transfer cells

A

Gametophyte

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13
Q

Where spores are formed and made

A

Sporangia

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14
Q

What do sporocytes generate?

A

Spores (Haploid)

-capable of undergoing meiosis

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15
Q
  • spore walls

- resistant to harsh environments

A

Sporopollenin

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16
Q

Includes archegonia and antheridia, produces egg and sperm

A

Gametangia

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17
Q

What is the female gametangia called? The male?

A

Archegonia -produces egg

Antheridia -produces sperm

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18
Q

What happens at the apical meristems?

A

Found in roots and shoots. It’s the area of rapid growth

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19
Q

Waxy coating that prevents water loss

A

Cuticle

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20
Q

The association of roots and fungus

A

Mycorrhizae

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21
Q

The opening or pore used for gas exchange

A

Stomata

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22
Q

Land plants can be informally group based on the presence or absence of____________

A

Vascular tissue

  • Nonvascular plants (bryophytes)
  • vascular plants (most plants)
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23
Q

What are the seedless vascular plants?

A

Lycophytes (Club mosses and their relatives)

Monilophytes (ferns and their relatives)

24
Q

What is a seed?

A

The embryo and the nutrients

25
Q

What are the seed plants with vascular tissue?

A

Gymnosperms- the “naked seed” plants. The conifers(cones)

Angiosperms- the flowering plants(fruits)

26
Q

In nonvascular plants the ___________ generation is dominant

A

Gametophyte

27
Q

The gametophyte generation is dependent on the ______________ in vascular plants

A

Sporophyte

28
Q

What are the three phyla of nonvascular bryophyte (nonwoody) plants ?

A

Liverworts
-phylum hepatophyta

Hornworts
-phylum Anthocerophyta

Mosses
-phylum Bryophyta

29
Q

What are characteristics of bryophytes?

A
  • gametophytes are larger and longer living then sporophytes
  • Sporophytes are typically present only part of the time

They DO NOT have true roots, leaves, lignified cell walls

30
Q

____________ anchor gametophytes to substrate

A

Rhizoids

31
Q

Bryophyte gametophytes…

A spore germinates into a gametophyte composed of a ___________ and gamete-producing ______________.

A

Protonema

Gametophore

32
Q

The height of a gametophyte is constrained by lack of…

A

Vascular tissues

33
Q

How does fertilization take place in bryophytes?

A

Sperm swim through a film of water to reach and fertilize the egg

34
Q

Bryophyte sporophytes grow out of _____________, and are the ________ and _________ sporophytes of all extant plant groups

A

Archegonia

Smallest and simplest

35
Q

What does a sporophyte consist of?

A

A foot, a seta(stalk), and a sporangium (also called a capsule, which discharges spores through a peristome

36
Q

In bryophyte…This absorbs nutrients from gametophyte

A

Foot

37
Q

Models of earliest terrestrial plants

Two basic types in liverworts (phylum hepatophyta)

A

Thalloid

Leafy

38
Q
  • first species to colonize moist areas with moist soil

* **symbiotic relationship with nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria

A

Hornworts (phylum Anthocerophyta)

39
Q
  • Found all over the world
  • becomes dormant if the environment becomes dry
  • helps harbor and retain nitrogen
  • can live in extreme environments
A

Mosses (phylum Bryophyta)

40
Q

What is the ecological and economic importance of mosses?

A
  • Might help retain nitrogen in the soil!***
  • capable of inhabiting diverse and extreme environments but are especially common in most Forrest and wetlands
  • peat moss forms extensive deposits of partially decayed organic material, this is used for fuel and as a preservative ex:mummy
41
Q

What is a characteristic of sperm in ferns and and other seedless vascular plants?

A

Sperm still has to swim

42
Q

What are the traits of vascular plants?

A

Early vascular plants had independent, branching sporophytes

43
Q

What are living vascular plants characterized by?

A
  • lifecycles with dominant sporophytes
  • vascular tissues called xylem and phloem
  • well developed roots and leaves
44
Q

Lifecycles with dominant sporophytes…

A
  • sporophytes of seedless vascular plants are the larger generation
  • gametophytes are tiny plants(grow on or below the soil surface)
45
Q

Vascular plants have what two types of vascular tissue?

A

-xylem (conducts most of the water and minerals)
•tracheids- water conducting cells
•lignin(gives rigid/hardened support)

-phloem (consists of living cells and contributes sugar, amino acids, and other organic products)

46
Q

Organs that anchor vascular plants

Enable vascular plants to absorb water and nutrients from the soil

A

Roots

47
Q

Leaves are categorized by what two types?

A
  • microphylls- single wing

- megaphylls- leaves with a highly branched vascular system

48
Q

Modified leaves with sporangia

A

Sporophylls

49
Q

Cluster of sporangia on the undersides of sporophylls (leafs)

A

Sori

50
Q

Cone-like structures formed from groups of sporophylls

A

Strobili

51
Q

Most seedless vascular plants are _____________, producing one type of spore that develops into a bisexual gametophyte

A

Homosporous

52
Q

ALL seed plants and some seedless vascular plants are ___________.

A

Heterosporous

53
Q

Heterospores species produce _____________, which give rise to female gametophytes, and _____________, which give rise to male gametophytes

A

Megaspores

Microspores

54
Q

What are the two phyla of seedless vascular plants?

A
  • phylum Lycophyta (club mosses, spike mosses, and quillworts)
  • phylum Monilophyta (ferns, horsetails, and wisk ferns and their relatives
55
Q
  • giant lycophytes trees thrive for millions of years in moist swamps
  • surviving species are small herbaceous(non-woody) plants
  • Club mosses and spike mosses have vascular tissues and are not true mosses

Club mosses, spike mosses, and quillworts

A

Phylum Lycophyta

56
Q
  • ferns are the most diverse seedless vascular plants, with more than 12,000 species
  • they are the most diverse in the tropics but also thrive in temperate forest
  • ferns, horsetails, and whisk ferns

Horsetail-stems have silicon dioxide used for cleaning

A

Phylum Monilophyta

57
Q

What is the significance of seedless vascular plants?

A
  • increased growth and photosynthesis removed CO2, this may have contributed to global cooling that contributed to glacier formation
  • The decaying plants of these Carboniferous forests eventually became Coal, peat is used as a Fuel source

Biology 1407 (22 decks)

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