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Biology 1407 > Chapter 31 Fungi > Flashcards

Chapter 31 Fungi Flashcards

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1
Q

Fungi breakdown _________ material and _________ vital nutrients.

A

Organic, recycle

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2
Q

How do fungi absorb nutrients?

A

Release enzymes and then absorb through their cells

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3
Q

Are fungi heterotrophs or autotrophs?

A

Heterotrophs They absorb their nutrients

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4
Q

Do fungi have cell walls?

A

Yes!

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5
Q

What’s it called when fungi attaches itself around plant roots as hyphae? This is the beneficial relationship between plants and fungi

A

Mycorrhizae

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6
Q

What are the different lifestyles fungi have?

A

-decomposers -parasites -mutualistis (tree roots, both tree and fungi benefit)

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7
Q

What are the most common body structures of fungi?

A

Multicellular filaments and single cells (yeasts) Some species grow as either filaments or yeasts; others grow as both

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8
Q

Yeasts are ________ celled

A

Single

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9
Q

Fungal thallus consists of ________

A

Hyphae

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10
Q

Mass of hyphae =

A

Mycelium -Separate or non-separate hyphae

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11
Q

Most cell walls of fungi consist of…

A

Chitin

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12
Q

What are the two forms of hyphae?

A

-septa (pores allowing cell-to-cell movement of organelles) divides cells -coenocytic fungi

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13
Q

Form of hyphae- pores allowing cell-to-cell movement of organelles Divides cells

A

Septa

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14
Q

Form of hyphae, lacks septa and has a continuous cytoplasmic mass with hundreds or thousands of nuclei

A

Coenocytic fungi

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15
Q

-specialized hyphae -function is to exchange nutrients with plants

A

Haustoria

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16
Q

What are the specializations of hyphae?

A

-trapping and killing prey (allows fungus to penetrate the tissue of their host) -nutrient exchange with plants (haustoria and mycorrhizae)

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17
Q

What are the two types of mycorrhizae?

A

-ectomycorrhizae -endomycorrhizae

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18
Q

Where are ectomycorrhizae found and where do they grow?

A

*between cells -with plants Some plants will not grow without it

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19
Q

Endomycorrhizae hyphae are found where? And where do they grow?

A

*inside the cell -with plants

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20
Q

Fungi produce spores through what type of life cycles?

A

Sexual or asexual

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21
Q

Fungi use sexual signaling molecules called ____________to communicate their mating type

A

Pheromones

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22
Q

Fungi sexual reproduction….

A

-fungal nuclei are normally haploid, with the exception of transient diploid stages formed during the sexual lifecycles -sexual reproduction requires diffusion of hyphae from different mating types

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23
Q

Fungi propagate themselves by producing vast numbers of _________, either sexually or asexually

A

Spores

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24
Q

What are the three phases of fungi sexual reproduction?

A

-plasmogamy -karyogamy -meiosis

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25
Q
  1. plasmogamy phase….
A

Haploid donor cell nucleus (+) penetrates cytoplasm of recipient cell (-) -Union of cytoplasm from two parent mycelia -mycelium is dikaryotic or heterokaryotic

26
Q
  1. Karyogamy phase…
A

+ and - nuclei fuse

27
Q
  1. Meiosis phase….
A

Diploid nucleus produces haploid nuclei (sexual spores)

28
Q

How do yeasts (unicellular) reproduce?

A

Asexual reproduction by budding

29
Q

Many fungi can reproduce asexually How do molds reproduce?

A

Produce haploid spores by mitosis and form visible mycelia

30
Q

Pathogenic dimorphic fungi are yeast-like at _____C and mold-like at _____C

A

37, 25

31
Q

What is dimorphism in fungi?

A

Some fungi can grow as yeast and as filamentous mycelia Alterations of structures in varying habitats

32
Q

Fungi arose from _______ related to an amoeba that feeds by engulfing cells such as algae and bacteria

A

Protists

33
Q

The ancestor of fungi was an…

A

Aquatic, single-celled, flagellated protist

34
Q

DNA evidence suggests that fungi are most closely related to… And animals are most closely related to…

A

Unicellular nucleariids Unicellular choanoflagellates

35
Q

Did multicellularity arise together or separately in animals and fungi?

A

Separately

36
Q

How many fungal are there?

A

5

37
Q

Many molds and yeasts have no known sexual stage What are imperfect fungi called?

A

Deuteromycetes

38
Q

These are found in freshwater and terrestrial habitats They can be decomposers, parasites or mutualists

A

Chytrids

39
Q

These diverged early in the fungal evolution (oldest)

A

Chytrids

40
Q

They are unique among fungi in having flagellated spores, called zoospores

A

Chytrids

41
Q

Flagellated spores are called…

A

Zoospores

42
Q

Fusion of haploid cells

A

Zygospores

43
Q

Formed in a sac (ascus)

A

Ascrospore

44
Q

Formed externally on a pedestal (basidium)

A

Basidiospore

45
Q
  • fast growing mold, parasites and commensal symbionts -lifecycle of black bread mold is typical -hyphae are coencytic -asexual sporangia produce haploid spores
A

Zygomycota

46
Q

This fungus decomposes animal dung

A

Pilobolus

47
Q

-sexually produce -this side of karyogamy and then meiosis -some are resistant to freezing and drying, can survive unfavorable conditions

A

Zygosporangia

48
Q

80% of plants have a mutualistic relationship with these

A

Glomeromycota

49
Q

-form arbuscular mycorrhizae -land may have depended on help from fungal associates -many vascular plants depend on AM fungi

A

Glomeromycota

50
Q

-Live in Marin, freshwater and terrestrial habitats -Cary in size and complexity -include plant pathogens, decomposers, and symbionts -commonly called sac fungi

A

Ascomycota

51
Q

Purdue sexual spores in sac like asci contained in fruiting bodies called ascocarps Asexual spores (candida)

A

Ascomycota

52
Q

Club fungi -Club like structure called a basidium, A transient diploid stage in the lifecycle

A

Basidomycetes

53
Q

-mushrooms, puffballs, and shelf fungi, mycorrhizae, and plant parasites -decomposers of wood

A

Basidomycetes

54
Q

Lifecycle of mushroom forming Basidomycetes

A

Includes a long lived dikaryotic mycelium Basidiocarps

55
Q

Reproduces sexually by producing elaborate fruiting bodies

A

Basidiocarps -basidia -basidiospores (sexual spores)

56
Q

-symbiosis between fungi and roots of most plants -fungus provides plants with in organic nutrients and plants provide fungus with organic nutrients -enormously important in natural ecosystems and agriculture

A

Mycorrhizae (fungus roots)

57
Q

-plants harbor harmless symbiotic fungi that live inside leaves or other plant parts -make toxins that deter herbivores and defend against pathogens -most are ascomycetes

A

Endophytes

58
Q

Mutualistic symbiosis between fungus and Cyanobacterium or algae Important soil former Sensitive to pollution, and their death could be a warning that air quality is deteriorating

A

Lichens

59
Q

General term for a fungal infection in animals

A

Mycosis

60
Q
A

Biology 1407 (22 decks)

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