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Biology 1407 > Chapter 25: History of Life on Earth > Flashcards

Chapter 25: History of Life on Earth Flashcards

1
Q

Membrane encloses molecules, maintains its own environment.

Packaging of molecules before cells were created

A

Protocells

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2
Q

chemical and physical processes on early earth may have produced very simple cells through what stages?

A
  1. Abiotic synthesis of small organic molecules
  2. Joining of these small molecules into macromolecules
  3. Packaging of molecules into pro cells
  4. Origin of self replicating molecules
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3
Q

What formed about 4.6 billion years ago?

A

The earth along with the rest of the solar system

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4
Q

Who performed lab experiments that showed that the abiotic synthesis of organic molecules in a reducing atmosphere is possible?

A

Stanley Miller and Harold Miller in 1953

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5
Q

What are the key properties of life that Protocells have?

A
  • maintain their own environment

- capable of splitting

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6
Q

What was probably the first genetic material?

A

RNA

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7
Q

Genetic material that has catalytic ability, can self replicate

A

Ribozymes

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8
Q

____________ has produced self replicating RNA molecules

A

Natural selection

-RNA molecules that were more stable or replicated more quickly would have left the most descendent RNA molecules

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9
Q

What are the three key RNA functions?

A
  • ability to store information
  • capacity for self replication
  • enzymatic function - ribozymes

*** DNA and proteins do not have all three functions!

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10
Q

The absolute age of fossils can be determined by…

A

Radiometric dating

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11
Q

Which eon includes the origin of earth?

A

Hadean

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12
Q

Which eon includes organisms that live in extreme conditions and prokaryotes?

A

Archaean

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13
Q

Which eon includes single celled eukaryotes, and multicellular eukaryotes?

A

Proterozoic

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14
Q

Which eon includes the three eras paleozoic, mesozoic, and Cenozoic?

A

Phanerozoic

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15
Q

What are the four eons in geologic record?

A
  • Haden
  • archaean
  • Proterozoic
  • Phanerozoic
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16
Q

What are the three eras in the phanerozoic eon?

A
  • Paleozoic
  • mesozoic
  • cenozoic
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17
Q

What era includes fungi, land plants, fish, and amphibians?

A

Paleozoic era

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18
Q

Which era includes more advanced plants, and reptiles?

19
Q

Which era includes mammals, birds, and pollinating insects?

20
Q

Layered rocks that form when certain prokaryotes bind thin films of sediment together.

A

Stromatolites

21
Q

What did the oxygen revolution cause?

A

Extinction of many prokaryotic groups

Some groups survived in adapted using cellular respiration to harvest energy

22
Q

What were the earths sole inhabitants for 1.5 billion years?

A

Prokaryotes-The first single celled organisms on earth

23
Q

What theory proposes that mitochondria and plastids (chloroplast and related organelles) were formally small prokaryotes living within larger host cells?

A

Endosymbiont theory

24
Q

What are the oldest known fossils of multicellular eukaryotes?

A

Small algae

25
What happened with the rise of multicellularity?
- Evolution of eukaryotic cells allowed for a greater range of unicellular forms - The second wave of diversification occurred that gave rise to algae, plants, fungi, and animals
26
Refers to the sudden appearance of fossils resembling modern animal phyla in the Cambrian period A few animal phyla appear even earlier: sponges, cnidarians, and molluscs
Cambrian explosion
27
This provides the first evidence of predator-prey interactions
Cambrian explosion
28
Plants and _______ today form mutually beneficial associations and likely colonized land together
Fungi
29
What happened in colonization of land?
Fungi, plants, and animals begin to colonize land about 50 million years ago Vascular tissue implants transports materials internally and appeared about 420 million years ago Arthropods in tetrapod are the most widespread and diverse and animals
30
What are some key events in earth’s history?
- The first single-celled organisms - photosynthesis and the oxygen revolution - The first eukaryotes - The origin of multicellularity - Cambrian explosion - colonization of land
31
Theory that earths crust is composed of plates floating on earth mantle
Plate tectonics theory
32
How does continental drift affect species?
Leads to allopatric speciation***
33
What are consequences of continental drift?
- deepening of ocean basins - A reduction in shallow water habitat - A colder and drier climate inland
34
The fossil records shows that most species that have ever lived are now _______
Extinct Extinction can be caused by changes to a species environment
35
At times when the rate of extinction has increased dramatically it is called a _______ extinction. This is due to disruptive global environmental changes
Mass
36
In each of the five mass extinction events, more than _______% of Earth’s species became extinct
50
37
The _____________ extinction defines the boundary between the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras This mass extinction occurred in less than 5 million years and caused the extinction of about _____% of marine animal species
Permian 96
38
What are some factors that might have contributed to extinction?
- intense volcanism in what is now Siberia - Global warming resulting from the omission of large amounts of CO2 from the volcanoes - oceanic anoxia from reduce mixing of ocean waters
39
What extinction separates the Mesozoic from the Cenozoic era? Organisms that went extinct include about half of the marine species and many terrestrial plants and animals, including most dinosaurs Probable meteorite impact that caused dust clouds to block sunlight and disturb global climate The Chicxulub Crater off the coast of Mexico is evidence of a meteorite that dates to the same time
Cretaceous mass extinction
40
Scientists estimate that the current rate of extinction is ______ to _______times the typical background rate Extinction rates tend to increase when global temperatures increase
100-1,000
41
You can take from ____ to _____ million years for diversity to recover following a mass extinction The percentage of marine organisms that were predators increase after the permian and cretaceous mass extensions Mass extinctions can pave the way for adaptive ___________. This can create new species.
5 to 100 Radiations
42
The evolution of diversely adaptive species from a common ancestor This may follow - mass extinctions - The evolution of novel characteristics - The colonization of new regions
Adaptive radiations
43
Can occur when organisms colonize new environments with little competition
Regional Adaptive radiations Ex:Hawaiian islands

Biology 1407 (22 decks)

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