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Biology 1407 > Chapter 27 Bacteria and Archaea > Flashcards

Chapter 27 Bacteria and Archaea Flashcards

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1
Q

An organism that can grow in or tolerate saline conditions Example is the prokaryotes that make Salt Lake pink in a salt concentration of 32%

A

halophiles

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2
Q

Pro = Eu = Karyon =

A

Before True Nucleus

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3
Q

What are features that eukaryotes and prokaryotes share?

A

-plasma membrane -DNA -ribosomes -cytosol/cytoplasm -cell walls (most bacteria, plants, and fungal cells)

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4
Q

Which organisms are prokaryotes and which are eukaryotes?

A

Prokaryotes- bacteria and archaea Eukaryotes- algae, protists, fungi, animals, and plants

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5
Q

Bacteria and archaea always reproduce…..

A

Asexually

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6
Q

Cell walls of bacteria contain…

A

Petidoglycan Some lack cell walls

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7
Q

What do archaea cell walls contain?

A

Psudomurein Polymers other than petidoglycan

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8
Q

What environments do archaea live in?

A

Harsh environments

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9
Q

Genetic material in eukaryotes…. In prokaryotes….

A

-DNA in nucleus -paired, linear chromosomes -DNA in nucleoid region -Single circular chromosome

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10
Q

Different morphologies of bacteria?

A

Coccus- round Bacillus- rod Spiral

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11
Q

What structures are common to most bacteria?

A

-capsule or slime layer -cell wall (most) -cell membrane -cytoplasm (ribosomes, nucleoid region, some have granules) -some have flagella, pili, fimbriae

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12
Q

What type of arrangement are… Staphyla- Diplo- Strepto-

A

Cluster Paired Chain

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13
Q

Where are the external bacterial structures?

A

-glycocalyces (either capsule or slime layer) Flagella and pili extend from the cell membrane through cell wall and beyond

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14
Q

What are the two glycocalyces?

A

Capsule or slime layer (most common)

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15
Q

Explain capsules and slime layer

A

Capsule- tightly packed polysaccharides/proteins, better able to cause disease, WBC have a hard time grabbing onto them (slippery) Slime layer- helps them adhere to surfaces, prevent water loss, looser arrangement of polysaccharides and proteins

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16
Q

Do all bacteria have flagella? What’s the function?

A

Some bacteria Locomotion

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17
Q

What is taxis?

A

When flagella move toward (positive) or away (negative) from stimuli

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18
Q

What is the function of fimbriae?

A

Attachment -stick to substrate or other individuals in a colony -attach to living and non living

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19
Q

What are pili?

A

-tiny, hollow projections -conjugation (allows prokaryotes to exchange DNA) it gives one strand of DNA to be replicated

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20
Q

What is conjugation?

A

Allow prokaryotes to exchange DNA

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21
Q

Where are cell walls usually found in most bacteria?

A

Outside cell membrane

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22
Q

What are the two important functions of the cell wall?

A

Shape, protect

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23
Q

Describe the composition of peptidoglycan

A

sugar polymers cross-linked by polypeptides

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24
Q

Which type of cells have a thicker peptidoglycan layer? Which have a thinner layer with an outer membrane surrounding the cell wall?

A

Gram positive Gram negative

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25
Q

Simpler walls with a large amount of peptidoglycan

A

Gram-positive bacteria

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26
Q

Cell wall has less peptidoglycan and an outer membrane that can be toxic

A

Gram-negative bacteria

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27
Q

Many antibiotics target _____________ and damage bacterial cell walls

A

Peptidoglycan

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28
Q

Which type of bacteria are more likely to be an antibiotic resistant?

A

Gram-negative

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29
Q

Steps of gram staining?

A

-

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30
Q

What color do gram positive bacteria stain? It retains the purple stain

A

Purple

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31
Q

What color do gram negative bacteria stain?

A

Pink

32
Q

Which bacteria’s cell walls contain lipopolysaccharide (LPS)?

A

Gram negative

33
Q

Known as Whooping cough, caused by gram negative bacteria

A

Bordetella pertussis

34
Q

Plasma membrane functions:

A

-energy storage -harvest light energy in photosynthetic bacteria -selectively permeable -naturally impermeable to most substances -proteins allow substances to cross membranes -maintain concentration and electrical gradients

35
Q

Do prokaryotes have chloroplasts or mitochondria?

A

No

36
Q

What is the function of the infolds of the plasma membrane in some prokaryote cells?

A

Can help perform cellular respiration They have chlorophyll

37
Q

Inner folds =

A

Metabolism

38
Q

-bacterial chromosomes -DNA -plasmids

A

Nuclear region (nucleoid)

39
Q

-centrally located nuclear region -consists mainly of DNA -also contains RNA and prot

A

Bacterial chromosome

40
Q

-usually 1 lg, circular chr -exception: vibrio cholerae 2chr - 1lg and 1 sm

A

DNA

41
Q

Extrachromosomal pieces of smaller , circular DNA NON-essential but can be beneficial

A

Plasmids

42
Q

Dormant survival form -non-vegetative -resistant to desiccation, heat, chemicals Bacillus,Clostridium spp.

A

Endospores

43
Q

Endospore formation

A

Sporulation

44
Q

Return to vegetative state Normal cell functions

A

Germination

45
Q

Bacterial disease that affects nervous system Comes from endospores in soil

A

Clostridium tetani

46
Q

Obligate forming anaerobe, causes muscles to not contract Releases potent neurotoxins Food borne 90% of cases (improperly canned foods) Infant - honey (endospores) Wound (least common)

A

Botulism

47
Q

How is botulism toxin used clinically?

A

-paralysis of muscles by preventing release of acetylcholine -used to Tx spasms and wrinkles (Botox)

48
Q

How do bacteria reproduce?

A

Binary fission

49
Q

Key features of prokaryotic reproduction:

A

-they are small -they reproduce by binary fission -they have short generation times

50
Q

Prokaryotes have little genetic variation. True or false?

A

False

51
Q

What three factors contribute to genetic diversity in prokaryotes?

A

Rapid reproduction Mutation Genetic recombination

52
Q

Movement of genes among individuals from different species

A

Horizontal gene transfer

53
Q

What are the three different ways horizontal gene transfer can happen?

A

-transformation -transduction -conjugation

54
Q

Mechanism that incorporates foreign DNA from the surrounding environment And What does it require?

A

Transformation Competence factor- DNA binding protein Mechanism of insertion- rec. A

55
Q

In transformation, rec A…..

A

Is required to join the DNA

56
Q

The movement of genes between bacteria by bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria)

A

Transduction

57
Q

The process where genetic material is transferred between prokaryotic cells The transfer is one way

A

Conjugation

58
Q

In conjugation with bacteria, the DNA transfer is always ….

A

One way (Sent to the F-)

59
Q

In conjugation what must be present for pili to form?

A

F factor

60
Q

F factor = pili Can be found in the plasmid ______ Or the chromosome ______

A

F+ HFR

61
Q

Cells containing the F plasmid function as DNA ________ during conjugation Cells without theF factor function as DNA _________ during conjugation

A

Donors Recipients

62
Q

When the plasmid DNA is integrated into bacterial DNA Bridge does not stay connected for long enough to give all the genetic material Can still be F negative because it did not get all of the genes, this is called….

A

Conjugation involving an HFR cell F- recombinant

63
Q

Carry genes for antibiotic resistance What can this cause?

A

R plasmids Can cause all other cells to become resistant very quickly

64
Q

How are prokaryotes categorized?

A

By how they obtain energy and carbon Energy -phototrophs -chemotrophs (inorganic chemicals) Carbon -autotrophs -Heterotrophs

65
Q

What are the four modes of nutrition in prokaryotes?

A

-Photoautotrophy -chemoautotrophy -photoheterotrophy -chemoheterotrophy (most of the diseases we study are in this group)

66
Q

Prokaryotes that require oxygen for survival Prokaryotes that die in the presence of oxygen And prokaryotes that can grow in the presence or absence of oxygen

A

Obligate aerobes Obligate anaerobes Facultative anaerobes

67
Q

Some prokaryotes convert atmospheric nitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3). What is this called? What is NH3 essential for?

A

Nitrogen fixation Amino acids

68
Q

Nitrogen is essential for the production of?

A

Amino acids and nucleic acids

69
Q

________________ between prokaryotes allows them to use environmental resources they could not use as individual cells

A

Cooperation

70
Q

I’m the Cyanobacterium Anabaena, photosynthetic cells and nitrogen fixing cells called _____________ Exchange metabolic products***

A

Heterocysts (or heterocytes)

71
Q

This could be made of many different components These surface-coating colonies makes bacteria harder to treat Growth is due to signaling Molecules recruiting cells

A

Biofilms

72
Q

prokaryotes play a crucial role in the __________

A

biosphere

73
Q

what are the major decomposers along with fungi that play a major role in the recycling of chemical elements between the living and nonliving components of the ecosystem?

increase the availability of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium for plant growth

can also “immobilize” or decrease the availability of nutrients

A

chemoheterotrophs

74
Q

when the host is not harmed or benefited

the symbiont is benefited

A

commensalism

75
Q

prokaryotes cause about _______ of all human diseases

A

half

76
Q

pathogenic prokaryotes typically cause disease by releasing exotoxins or endotoxins

_________ are secreted and cause disease even if the prokaryotes that produced them are not present

_________ are released only when bacteria die and their cell walls break down

A

exotoxins

endotoxins

77
Q

the use of organisms to remove pollutants from the environment

bacteria can be engineered to produce vitamins, antibiotics, and hormones

A

bioremediation

Biology 1407 (22 decks)

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