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Biology 1407 > Chapter 44: Osmoregulation And Excrestion > Flashcards

Chapter 44: Osmoregulation And Excrestion Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Osmoregulation?

A

the maintenance of constant osmotic pressure in the fluids of an organism by the control of water and salt concentrations.

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2
Q

Gets rid of nitrogenous metabolites and other waste products

A

Excretion

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3
Q

The solute concentration of a solution, determines the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane

A

Osmolarity

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4
Q

Isoosmotic with their surroundings and do not regulate their osmolarity
consisting only of some marine animals

A

Osmocomformers

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5
Q

expend energy to control water uptake and loss in a hyperosmotic or hypoosmotic environment

  • most organisms cannot withstand significant changes
A

Osmoregulators

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6
Q

Most animals cannot tolerate substantial changes in external osmolarity these animals are called…

A

Stenohalines

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7
Q

Animals that can survive large fluctuations in external osmolarity

A

Euryhaline animals

Euryhaline osmocomformers and Euryhaline osmoregulators

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8
Q

Most marine animals are ___________________

Most marine vertebrates and some invertebrates are _____________

A

Osmocomformers

Osmoregulators

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9
Q

Marine bony fish are ___________ to seawater.

A

Hypoosmotic

Lose water by osmosis and gain salt by diffusion and from food

How do you they balance water loss? Excretion of salt ions from gills?

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10
Q

How do you freshwater animals maintain water balance?

A

Constantly take in water by osmosis from their hypoosmotic environment (lose salts by diffusion)

Salt loss by diffusion are replaced in foods and by uptake across the gills

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11
Q

Adaptation in some aquatic invertebrates in temporary ponds lose almost all their body water and survive in a dormant state

A

Anhydrobiosis (means life without water)

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12
Q

Land animals maintain water balance by eating moist food and producing water metabolically through ____________

A

Cellular respiration

Kangaroo rats get most of their water from metabolism

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13
Q

Some animals convert ____________to less toxic compounds prior to excretion

A

Ammonia (very toxic)

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14
Q

Animals excrete nitrogenous wastes in different forms:

A
  • ammonia
    -urea
    -Uric acid
    These differ in toxicity and the energy costs of producing them
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15
Q

Where is ammonia released?

A

Across the whole body surface or through gills

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16
Q

The liver of mammals and most adult amphibians coverts ammonia to the less toxic ____

A

Urea

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17
Q

What is the advantage of excretion of wasted as urea?

A

Low toxicity but higher energy cost

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18
Q
  • relatively non-toxic and does not dissolve readily in water
  • it can be secreted as a paste with little water loss
  • more energetically expensive to produce than urea
  • insects, land snails, and many reptiles, including birds
A

Uric acid

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19
Q

What influences nitrogenous wastes of animals?

A
  • depends on the animals availability to water
  • the immediate environment of the animals egg
  • the amount of nitrogenous waste is coupled to the animals energy budget
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20
Q

Key functions of most excretory systems

A
  • filtration
  • reabsorption
  • secretion
  • excretion
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21
Q

Two functions of the kidneys?

A

Excretion and osmoregulation

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22
Q

What is the difference between cortical nephrons and juxtamedullary nephrons?

A

Cortical is short- extends from renal cortex and a little bit into the renal medulla

Juxtamedullary nephrons- extend deeper into the renal medulla (seen more in dessert animals) allows for more water absorption

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23
Q

Breakdown of nucleotides (crystals of this can result in gout)

A

Uric acid

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24
Q

Amino acid metabolism. Ammonia combines with carbon dioxide.

A

Urea

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25
Q

What are the functions of the urinary system?

A
  • excretion of metabolic wastes
  • maintenance of water-salt balance (regulate blood pressure)
  • maintenances is acid-base balance (blood pH 7.4)
  • secretion of hormones(renin —> aldosterone adrenal cortex) —>reabsorption of sodium by Kinsey’s), erythropoietin
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26
Q

Kindest are located in the __________ region

Covered by a tough capsule of_________

A

Lumbar

Fibrous connective tissue

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27
Q

The ureters have a ________-layered wall consisting of….

Conveys urine by…

A

Mucosa, smooth muscle, outer connective tissue

peristalsis

28
Q

_____ Sphincter muscles in the bladder control the release of urine into the urethra

A

Two

29
Q

Urination is also known as …

A

Micturition

30
Q

Stretch receptors in the wall of the badder send impulses when bladder fills to _____ml

-motor impulses from spinal cord, bladder contractions, Micturition occurs

A

250

31
Q

Where does filtration take place?

What is the functional units of the kidneys?

A

Nephron

Each kidney has over one million nephrons

32
Q

Each nephron has its own blood supply
From the renal artery, ________ leads into the glomareous

Blood leaves the glomareous via an ____________ . This takes blood to peritubular capillaries (these surround the rest of the nephron) blood then goes to renal vein

A

Afferent arterioles

Efferent arteriole

33
Q

-cubodial epithelial cells with microvilli

Increased surface area for absorption

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

34
Q

Part of the nephron that has simple squamous epithelium

It’s surrounded by peritubular capillaries

A

Loop of Henle

35
Q
  • cuboidal epithelial cells- lack microvilli

- designed for tubular excretion rather than reabsorption

A

Distal convoluted tubule

36
Q

Distal convoluted tubule of several nephrons enter one _____________. Many of these carry urine to the renal pelvis

A

Collecting ducts

37
Q

The contents of Bowmens capsule is called …

A

Filtrate

38
Q

Glomerular filtration….

A
  • blood enters the afferent arteriole and glomerulus
  • the filtrate produced in bowmens capsule contains salts, glucose, amino acids, vitamins, nitrogenous wastes, and other small molecules
39
Q
  • Place of reabsorption of ions, water, and nutrients
  • Molecules are transported actively and passively from the filtrate into interstitial fluid and then capillaries
  • some toxic materials are actively secreted into the filtrate
  • materials to be excreted become more concentrated
A

Proximal tubule

40
Q

What is being actively transported in the proximal tubule?

Passively?

A

Sodium , potassium, glucose…

chloride, and water follows passively

41
Q

Reabsorption of water continues through channels formed by ____________ proteins in the descending loop of henle. What is left behind?

A

Aquaporin

Salt, not permeable to salt

42
Q

Movement of water in the descending loop of Henle is driven by the high ___________ of the interstitial fluid, witch is ____________ to the filtrate
Filtrate becomes increasingly concentrated

A

Osmolarity

Hyperosmotic

43
Q

In the ascending limb of the loop of Henle, _______ but not ________ is able to diffuse from the tubule into the interstitial fluid

The filtrate becomes increasing …..

A

Salt, water

Dilute

44
Q

What area lacks water channels? And is impermeable to water?

A

Ascending limb of the loop of Henle

45
Q

In the ascending loop of Henle, in the bottom portion that is deeper and ___________, salt will leave passively or actively?

What about the top, thicker portion?

A

Thinner. Passively, Salt concentration is high!

Actively

46
Q

The main function of the distal tubule is ____________ which will regulate what In the body?

A

Secretion, pH Regulation (controlled movement of ions)

Leaves the filtrate to go back to the blood

If there is excess it is put into the filtrate to be secreted fine tuning

47
Q

The distal tubule regulates the _______ and _______ concentrations of body fluids.

A

K+ and NaCl

48
Q
  • processes filtrate into urine
  • carries filtrate through the Medulla to the renal pelvis
  • One of the most important task is reabsorption of solutes and water
  • urine is hyperosmotic to body fluids
A

Collecting duct

49
Q

Hyperosmotic urine can be produced because considerable ___________ is expended to transport solutes against concentration gradients

A

Energy

50
Q

The two primary solutes affecting osmolarity are

A

NaCl and urea

51
Q
  • System is surrounded by vessels
  • Opposite of the flow of filtrate
  • high energy process!
A

Countercurrent multiplier system

52
Q

Where is osmolarity the lowest and where is it the highest?

A

Cortex —> outer medulla——> inner medulla

53
Q

The ____________ nephron is key to water conservation in terrestrial animals

Mammals that inhabit dry environments have _______ loops of Henle while those in freshwater have _______ loops of Henle

A

Juxtamedullary

Long, short

54
Q

The osmolarity of the urine is regulated by nervous and hormonal control

Permeability of collecting ducts is under ______________ control

A

Hormonal

55
Q

An increase in osmolarity triggers the release of _______, which helps to conserve water

A

ADH

56
Q

______________ is produced by the posterior pituitary gland. also called?

A

Antidiuretic hormone

Vasopressin

57
Q

What happen in the presence and absence of ADH?

A
  • The collecting duct becomes more permeable to water and concentrated urine is produced.
  • A dilute urine is produced (diuresis)
58
Q

Osmoreceptors in the ____________ monitors blood osmolarity, can trigger release of ADH from the ____________.

A

Hypothalamus

Pituitary gland

59
Q

This simulates sodium reabsorption to get to set point

A

The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System

60
Q

Hormonal regulation at the distal convoluted tubule occurs when….

A

Blood volume,therefore , blood pressure of the glomareous is low (not sufficient for glomareous filtration)

61
Q

In the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System…
The juxtaglomerular apparatus secretes _________

This is an enzyme that changes ______________ into ____________.

A

Renin

Angiotensinogen into angiotensinogen 1

62
Q

Angiotensin 1 gets converted into angiotensin 2.

Angiotensin 2 stimulates the adrenaline cortex to release ________

A

Aldosterone

63
Q

Aldosterone promotes the excretion of _______ and the reabsorption of ______. Reabsorption of this is followed by the reabsorption of water

Blood volume and blood pressure then increases

A

K+, Na+

64
Q

______________ raises blood pressure and decreases blood flow to the kidneys
Stimulates the release of the hormone ____________, which increases blood volume and pressure

A

Angiotensin 2

Aldosterone

65
Q

ADH and RAAS both increase water reabsorption, but only ______ will respond to a decrease in blood volume

A

RAAS

66
Q

Another hormone ______________, opposes the RAAS.

When there is an increase in blood volume

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

67
Q
  • secreted by right atrium in response to stretching
  • indicates increased blood volume
  • inhibits renin secretion by juxtaglomerular apparatus
  • inhibits aldosterone release from adrenal glands
  • promotes sodium excretion -(NaCl reabsorption inhibited in collecting duct)
A

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Biology 1407 (22 decks)

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