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Biology 1407 > Chapter 26: Phylogeny and the Tree of Life > Flashcards

Chapter 26: Phylogeny and the Tree of Life Flashcards

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1
Q

Classifies organisms and determines their evolutionary relationships

Uses fossils, molecular, and genetic data to infer evolutionary relationships

A

Systematics

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2
Q

The evolutionary history of a species or group of related species

A

Phylogeny

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3
Q

The order, division, naming and classifying of living and extinct organisms and viruses

Linnaeus introduced this system for grouping species

A

Taxonomy

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4
Q

Each group in taxonomy is called a _______

A

Taxon

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5
Q

The taxonomic groups from broad to narrow are?

A

Domain, supergroup, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species

Think of dear king Philip came over for green soup. Just add supergroup after domain***

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6
Q

What is the two-part scientific naming system called?

A

Binomial nomenclature

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7
Q

What are the requirements when using binomial nomenclature?

A
  • genus name and species epithet
  • genus name always capitalized
  • species epithet never capitalized
  • both names either italicized or underlined
  • rules for naming established and regulated by international associations
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8
Q

True or false…

Linnaean Classification and phylogeny can differ from each other.

A

True

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9
Q

What does a phylogenetic tree depict?

A

Evolutionary relationships for a group of organisms

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10
Q

What does phylogenetic tree represent?

A

A hypothesis about evolutionary relationships

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11
Q

This represents the divergence of two species

A

Branch point

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12
Q

Groups that share an immediate common ancestor not shared by another group

A

Sister taxa

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13
Q

Includes a branch to represent the last common ancestor of all taxa in the tree

A

Rooted tree

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14
Q

Diverges early in the history of a group and originates near the common ancestor of the group

A

Basal taxon

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15
Q

In a phylogenetic tree, can it be assumed that a taxon evolved from the taxon next to it?

A

It should not be assumed

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16
Q

Phylogenetic trees show patterns of __________, not phenotypic similarities

A

Decent

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17
Q

Do phylogenetic trees indicate when a species evolved or how much change occurred in a lineage?

A

No.

No time scale

18
Q

How are phylogenies inferred?

A

Systematics gather information about morphologies, genes, and biochemistry of living organisms

19
Q

In order to determine phylogeny what type of features should systematics focus on?

A

?

20
Q

What are the phenotypic and genetic similarities due to shared ancestry?

A

Homologies

21
Q

Similarities do to convergent evolution.

Ex: snakes and the grass lizard. Both do not have legs but they are not from a common ancestor

A

Analogy

22
Q

When constructing a phylogeny, systematic need to determine whether a similarity is the result of ___________ or _________

A

Homology or analogy

23
Q

Occurs when similar environmental pressures and natural selection produce similar (analogous) adaptations in organisms from different evolutionary lineages.

A

Convergent evolution

Ex: ant-eaters and echidnas

24
Q

Analogous structures for molecular sequences that evolved independently

is a character shared by a set of species but not present in their common ancestor. A good example is the evolution of the eye which has originated independently in many different species

A

Homoplasies

Ex: bird wings and bat wings. They do not have a common ancestor.

25
Q

When organisms are grouped by common dissent

A

Cladistics

26
Q

A group of species that includes an ancestral species and all of it’s descendants

A

Clade

Can be nested in larger or smaller clades

27
Q

(of a group of organisms) descended from a common evolutionary ancestor or ancestral group, especially one not shared with any other group.

A

Monophyletic

28
Q

A valid clade is ___________, signifying that it consists of the ancestor species and all of its descendants

A

Monophyletic

29
Q

A grouping that consists of an ancestral species and some, but not all, of the descendants

A

Paraphyletic grouping

30
Q

A grouping that Consist of various species with different ancestors

A

Ployphyletic grouping

31
Q

A shared _________ character is a character that originates in an ancestor of the taxon

A

Ancestral

32
Q

A shared _________ character is a characteristic with evolutionary novelty unique to a particular clade

A

Derived

33
Q

A character can be both ancestry and derived depending on the context.

True or false?

A

True

34
Q

In group vs. outgroup?

A

Ingroup-The various species being studied

Outgroup-species or group of species that is assumed to have diverged before the species in the ingroup

35
Q

What does an outgroup lack when compared to an ingroup?

A

?

36
Q

In some trees, the length of a branch can reflect the number of _________ changes that have taken place in a particular DNA sequence in that lineage

A

genetic

37
Q

What principles do systematics apply to narrow the possibilities to make the best tree out of large data sets?*

A
  • ** maximum parsimony

* ** maximum likelihood

38
Q

What principle assumes that the tree that requires the fewest evolutionary events is the most likely? (Shared derived characters)

A

Maximum parsimony

39
Q

Which principle states that, given certain rules about DNA changes over time, a tree can be found that reflects the most likely sequence of evolutionary events?

A

Maximum likelihood

40
Q

-Result from gene duplication, so are found in more than one copy in the genome
-they can diverge within the clade that carries them and often evolve new functions. (Within a species)
Ex:globins

A

Paralogous genes

41
Q
  • Genes that are found in a single copy in the genome and are homologous between species
  • They can diverge only after speciation occurs
  • widespread and extend across many widely different species
A

Orthologous genes

Biology 1407 (22 decks)

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