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Biology 1407 > Chapter 45 Hormones And The Endocrine System > Flashcards

Chapter 45 Hormones And The Endocrine System Flashcards

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1
Q

The ways that signals are transmitted between and classified by…what two criteria?

A
  • the type of secreting cell

- The route taken by the signal in reaching its Target

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2
Q

____________ signaling maintains homeostasis, mediate responses to stimuli, regulates Growth and development.

A

Endocrine

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3
Q

What are the two types of local regulators?

A

Paracrine and endocrine signaling

Local regulators act by diffusing very short distances to reach target cells

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4
Q

In ____________ signaling, secreted molecules diffuse locally and trigger a response in neighboring cells

A

Paracrine

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5
Q

In ____________ signaling, secreted molecules diffuse locally and trigger a response in the cell that secretes them.

A

Autocrine

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6
Q

In ____________ signaling, secreted molecules diffuse into the bloodstream and trigger responses in target cells anywhere in the body.

A

Endocrine

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7
Q

In _____________ signaling, Neurotransmitters diffuse across synapses and trigger responses in cells of target tissues (neurons, muscles, or glands).

A

Synaptic

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8
Q

In ______________ signaling, neurohormones diffuse into the bloodstream and trigger responses in target cells anywhere in the body.

A

Nueroendocrine

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9
Q

Endocrine cells group together in ductless organs

Secrete hormones directly into surrounding fluid

A

Endocrine glands

Ex:ovaries and stomach

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10
Q

Ducts in which secrete substances onto body surfaces or into cavities

A

Exocrine glands

Ex:pancreas is both!

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11
Q

cells that communicate in the immune system

A

cytocines

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12
Q

what are the chemical classes of hormones? the three major classes of molecules function as hormones in vertebrates. which are water-soluble? which are lipid-soluble?

A
  • polypeptides (proteins and peptides) (water-soluble)
  • amines derived from amino acids (majority are water-soluble)
  • steroid hormones (lipid-soluble)
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13
Q

_________ are secreted molecules that link neighboring cells or directly regulate the secreting cell

A

local regulators

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14
Q

what are the types of local regulators?

A
  • cytocines and growth factor
  • nitric oxide (helps with vasodilation)
  • prostaglandins (involved in pain response)
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15
Q

what type of hormones involves a signaling transduction pathway?

A

water-soluble hormones

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16
Q

__________ hormones pass easily through cell membranes

A

lipid-soluble hormones (steroid hormones)

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17
Q

__________ hormones do not pass easily through the cell membranes. The receptors are on the plasma membrane.

A

water-soluble hormones

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18
Q
  • secreted by exocytosis
  • travel freely in the bloodstream
  • bind to cell-surface receptors
A

water-soluble hormones

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19
Q
  • diffuse across cell membranes
  • travel in the bloodstream bound to transport proteins
  • diffuse through the membrane of target cells
A

lipid-soluble hormones

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20
Q
  • water-soluble
  • has multiple effects in mediating the body’s response to short-term stress
  • binds to receptors on the plasma membrane of liver cells
  • releases glucose into the bloodstream
A

epinephrine

21
Q

________ hormoens act via signal transcution pathways.

A

non-steroid

steroid hormones do not!

22
Q

the response to a lipid-soluble hormone is usually a change in….
and where do they bind?

A

gene expression

protein receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus

23
Q

the same hormone may have different effects on target cells that have …

A
  • different receptors for the hormone

- different signal transduction pathways

24
Q

stimulus—> hormones are released from an endocrine cell —-> travel through the bloodstream —->interact with specific receptors with a target cell to cause a physiological response

A

simple hormone pathways

25
Q

the release of acidic contents of the stomach into the duodenum —> stimulates endocrine cells there to secrete secretin —> target cells in the pancreas, —> raise the pH in the duodenum

A

simple endocrine pathway

26
Q

stimulus —> received by a sensory neuron —> stimulates a neurosecretory cell —> secretes a neurohormone –> enters the bloodstream —-> travels to target cells

A

neuroendocrine pathway

the hypothalamus has neurosecretory cells
called a neurohormone when reaches target

27
Q

the pancreas has clusters of endocrine cells called pancreatic islets the ______ cells produce glucagon and the _____ cells produce insulin.

A

alpha, beta

28
Q
  • Extention of the hypothalamus

- stores and secretes hormones that are made in the hypothalamus

A

posterior pituitary

29
Q

what hormones is the posterior pituitary responsible for?

A

ADH and oxytocin ***

30
Q
  • endocrine gland makes and releases hormones under the regulation of the hypothalamus
  • trophic hormones
  • endocrine gland on its own
A

anterior pituitary

31
Q

what hormones is the anterior pituitary responsible for?

A

prolactin, FSH, LH, etc.

32
Q

do not regulate endocrine cells or glands

A

nontropic

33
Q
  • regulates the function of endocrine cells or glands
  • stimulate activity of male and female gonads (FSH, LH)
  • adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
  • TSH
A

tropic

34
Q

two hormones released from the posterior pituitary act directly on nonendocrine tissues…

A
  • oxytocin

- ADH

35
Q

this is from the hypothalamus that stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to secrete prolactin

A

prolactin-releasing hormone (PRL)

36
Q

the release of thyroid hormone results from a _____________ pathway.

A

hormone cascade

hypothalamus to anterior pituitary, thyroid gland

37
Q

explain the thyroid hormone cascade

A
  • thyroid hormone levels drop
  • the hypothalamus secretes TRH into the blood. vessels carry TRH to anterior pituitary
  • anterior pituitary secrets TSH
  • TSH stimulates endocrine cells in thyroid gland to secrete T4 and T3
  • thyroid level return to normal
  • thyroid hormone blocks TRH and TSH release
38
Q

what atoms do T3 and T4 have?

A

iodine

39
Q

caused by autoimmunity, is typified by protruding eyes, too much TSH is produced, goiters are typically seen also

A

Graves disease

40
Q

what causes goiters?

A

iodine deficiency

41
Q

is growth hormone tropic or nontropic?

A

Both!
tropic- liver (major target)—-IGFs—–stimulate bone and cartilage growth
nontropic- diverse metablic effects (raise glucose)

42
Q

endocrine signaling regulates…

A
  • homeostasis
  • development
  • behavior
43
Q

this stimulates calcium release from the bones to increase blood calcium

A

parathyroid hormone

44
Q

released by the thyroid gland to decrease levels of calcium, it stimulates deposition in bones and secretion by kidneys

A

calcitonin

45
Q

two glands of the adrenals

A 
-adrenal medulla (neuro)
adrenal cortex (has true endocrine cells)
46
Q
  • made from the adrenal medulla
  • includes epinephrine and norepinephrine that both function as neurotransmitters
  • secreted in response to stress-activated impulses from the nervous system* increases energy by the liver and skeletal muscles, increases stroke volume and HR
A

catecholamine

47
Q
  • in response to stress
  • triggered by a hormone cascade pathway via the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary ( ACTH) (tropic hormones)

what are the two categories?

A

corticosteroids

glucocorticoids (breakdown protein for fuel in the muscles), immune system

mineralocorticoids (maintain salt and water balance) ex: aldosterone

hypothalamus —-> anterior pituitary —> to realease ACTH —-> adrenal cortex

48
Q

what controls sex hormones in the gonads?

A

FSH and LH

49
Q

what secretes melatonin?

A

the pineal gland

Biology 1407 (22 decks)

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