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Biology 1407 > Chapter 28 Protists > Flashcards

Chapter 28 Protists Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Protists are classified into _________

A

Supergroups

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2
Q

Describe protists

A

Eukaryotes
Most unicellular, some colonial, some multicellular

Polyphyletic group

More structural and functional diversity than any other group of eukaryotes

Single celled protists can be very complex

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3
Q

What are the different modes of nutrition in protists?

A
  • heterotrophs (absorb organic molecules and ingest larger food particles)
  • photoautotrophs (contain chloroplast, algae and euglena)
  • mixotrophs (combine photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition)
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4
Q

How do you protists reproduce?

A

Some reproduce asexually only

  • binary fission
  • schizogony

Some have sexual reproduction

  • sporic life cycle
  • gametic life cycle
  • conjugation
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5
Q

Schizogony

A

Form of asexual reproduction in protists, Multiple mitosis (makes daughter cells called meroxoties)

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6
Q

The exchange of genetic material between the same species, forms a temporary union, when they separate they are genetically different from the original organism

Micronuclei are exchanged

Form of sexual reproduction

A

Conjugation

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7
Q

What are the four supergroups of eukaryotes?

A

Excavata
SAR
Archaeplastida
Unikonta

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8
Q

The plastid-bearing lineage of protists evolved into….

A

Red and green algae

-the DNA of plastid genes in red algae and green algae closely resemble the DNA of cyanobacteria

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9
Q

On several occasions during eukaryotic evolution, red and green algae underwent ___________, in which they were ingested by a heterotrophic eukaryote

A

Secondary Endosymbiosis

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10
Q

The super group is characterized by its cytoskeleton

  • some members have a feeding groove
  • modified mitochondria
  • unique flagella
A

Excavata

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11
Q

What does the supergroup excavata include?

A
  • diplomonads
  • parabasalids
  • euglenozoans
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12
Q

Part of the supergroup excavata, Lack plastids, have modified mitochondria, and most live in anaerobic environments

  • two equal sized nuclei
  • mitosomes- reduces mitochondria and no ETC
  • multiple flagella
  • derive energy from anaerobic biochemical pathways
  • often parasites
A

Diplomonads

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13
Q

Part of the supergroup excavata

Causes parasite giardia (uses adhesion disks that causes nutrient malabsorption)

Also includes trichonympha that inhabits the guts of termites

A

Diplomonads

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14
Q
  • Protozoan-flagellated
  • fecal-oral route

Cysts (dormant) release trophozoites (metabolically active form) —> sm intestine —> attaches to wall (adhesion discs) —> inflammation, diarrhea, blacks abs of nutrients

A

Giardia intestinalis

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15
Q

Part of the supergroup excavata

Hydrogenosomes (mitochondria)

  • reduced Mitochondria
  • generate some energy anaerobically

Trichomonas vaginalis

A

Parabasalids

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16
Q

Name of the mitochondria in parabasalids

Releases hydrogen metabolically

A

Hydrogenosomes

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17
Q

STD, causes vaginitis, strong odor, itchy, discharge, strawberry appearance on cervix, dysuria

A

Trichomoniasis

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18
Q

part of the supergroup excavata

  • predatory heterotrophs
  • photosynthetic autotrophs
  • parasites
  • **Spiral or Crystalline rod of unknown function inside their flagella

Clade- kinetopladtids and euglenids

A

Euglenozoans

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19
Q

Supergroup excavata

  • **Single huge mitochondrion called kinetoplast
  • Some free-living consumers of prokaryotes
  • parasites (trypanosoma) include sleeping sickness and Chagas’ disease (hard to treat, use bait-and-switch defense)
A

Euglenozoans- kinetoplastids

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20
Q

Excavata, euglenozoans, kinetoplastids

Bait-and-switch defense

  • invade immune system responses by switching surface proteins
  • A cell produces millions of copies of a single protein
  • The new generation produces millions of copies of a different protein
  • these frequent changes prevent the host from developing immunity
A

Trypanosomes

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21
Q

Parasitic disease of the nervous system that’s transmitted by the tsetse fly

Fatal if untreated do to cells being robbed of glucose

A

African trypanosomiasis

African sleeping sickness

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22
Q

Parasite caused by reduviid bug “kissing bug”

Acute- Romania’s sign
Chronic-mega esophagus, megacolon, and congestive heart failure

Seen in Mexico, central and South America

A

American trypanosomiasis:

Chaga’s disease

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23
Q

Supergroup excavata

Flagella that emerge from a pocket at one end of the cell

Has chloroplasts and an eyespot ti detect light

Mixotrophic

A

Euglenozoans- Euglenids

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24
Q

This super group includes

  • stramenopiles
  • Alveolates
  • Rhizarians
A

The SAR clade

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25
Q

SAR supergroup

  • phototrophs
  • most have a “hairy” flagellum paired with a “smooth” flagellum
  • they include diatoms, golden algae,brown algae
A

Stramenopiles

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26
Q

Supergroup SAR

  • largest group of eukaryotic algae
  • unicellular
  • producers in fresh and saltwater environments
  • unique two-part, glass-like wall of silicon dioxide
  • diatomaceous earth (pool filter, organic gardening)
A

Stramenopiles- diatoms

27
Q

What are the number one producers in the ocean?

A

Diatoms

28
Q

SAR group

  • yellow and brown carotenoids
  • cells of golden algae (typically biflagellated)
  • photosynthetic (some mixotrophs)
  • most are unicellular but some are colonial
A

Stramenopiles- golden algae

29
Q

Supergroup SAR

  • largest and most complex algae
  • all are multicellular, and most are marine
  • include many species commonly called “seaweeds”
  • some edible by humans ex:align-thickening agent
A

Stramenopiles- brown algae

30
Q

What group shows the most similarities to plants?

Giant Seaweeds call kelps live in deep parts of the ocean
Structures:
Holdfast- helps it adhere to surfaces 
Stipe- like a stem 
Blades- like leafs

Do not have the tissue and organs plants have

A

Brown algae

31
Q

____________ generations are structurally different, while ____________ generations look similar

A

Heteromorphic

Isomorphic

32
Q

A variety of life cycles have evolved among the multicellular algae

The most complex life cycles include an _____________, The alteration of multicellular haploid and diploid forms

Haploid and diploid stages are multicellular

A

Alteration of generations

33
Q

In alteration of generations, the diploid ___________ produces haploid flagellated spores called ___________

The zoospores develop into haploid male and female ___________, which produce gametes

A

Sporophyte, zoospores

Gametophytes

34
Q

In alteration of generations, fertilization of gametes results in a diploid zygote, which grows into a new __________

A

Sporophyte

35
Q

In alteration of generations what do gametophytes produce?

A

Gametes!

36
Q

What’s an example of alteration of generations?

Their spores have flagella, called zoospores

A

Life cycle of brown algae

37
Q

Part of the SAR supergroup

Have membrane-bounded sacs (alveoli) just under the plasma membrane

This Group includes

  • dinoflagellates
  • apicomplexans
  • ciliates
A

Alveolates

38
Q

Part of the supergroup SAR

  • two flagella
  • each cell is reinforced by cellulose plates
  • abundant components of both marine and freshwater phytoplankton
  • they are a diverse group of aquatic phototrophs, mixotrophs, and heterotrophs

These are the #2 producers in the ocean

A

Alveolates- dinoflagellates

39
Q

Known as the toxic “red tides”

Releases neurotoxins that can be fatal

A

Dinoflagellate blooms

40
Q

part of the SAR supergroup

  • parasites of animals some cause serious human diseases (at least two hosts!)
  • spread through their hosts as infectious cells called sporozites
  • The Apex (contains a complex of organelles specialized for penetrating host cells and tissues)
  • have sexual and asexual stages that require two or more different host species for completion
A

Alveolates- apicomplexans

41
Q
  • Disease that causes malaria
  • Requires to host to complete its lifecycle(mosquitoes and humans)
  • sexual and asexual reproduction
  • the disease causes cells to lyse, fever, chills
A

Plasmodium

SAR —> alveolates —> apicomplexans

42
Q

Part of the SAR supergroup

  • named for their use of cilia to move and feed
  • nuclei (large macronuclei and small micronuclei)
  • reproduce by conjugation (results in genetic variation, two individuals exchange haploid micronuclei) sexual process
A

Alveolates- ciliates

Ex: paramecium

43
Q

Part of the SAR supergroup

***threadlike pseudopodia(for movement)

-algae can live in their forams tests (porous shell)

A

Rhizarians (think radiate outward)

44
Q

In this supergroup most are photosynthetic

Includes red algae, green algae, and land plants

  • land plants are descended from green algae
A

Supergroup Archaeplastida

45
Q

Supergroup archaeplastida

Land plants are descended from…

A

Green algae

46
Q

Supergroup archaeplastida

  • most are multicellular “seaweeds”
  • Red appearance due to distinctive phycoerythrin pigments
  • food, industrial and scientific materials (agar, carageenan)
  • Can grow in deep waters
A

Red algae

47
Q

Supergroup archaeplastida

Can absorb light in deep water, allows blue and green light to penetrate

A

Red algae

48
Q

Supergroup archaeplastida

  • named for their grass-green chloroplasts
  • cells contains some type of plastids and photosynthetic pigments that are present in land plants
  • plants are descended from this group
  • wide variety
A

Green algae

49
Q

What are the two main groups of green algae?

A
  • chlorophytes

- charophyceans (most closely related to land plants)

50
Q

Lifecycle of chlamydomonas, a unicellular chlorophyte

A

-

51
Q

Supergroup that…
-includes animals, fungi, and some protists
-this group includes two clades:
•ameobozoans
•opisthokonts (animals, fungi, and related protists)

A

Supergroup unikonta

52
Q

What two clades does the supergroup unikonta include?

A

Amoebozoans

Opisthokonts (animals, fungi, and related protists)

53
Q

Part of the supergroup unikonta

  • amoeba
    • lobe or tube-shaped, rather than threadlike, pseudopodia

Include

  • slime molds
  • tubulinids
  • entamoebas
A

Amoebozoans

54
Q

Unikonta —> amoebozoans

What are the two types of slime molds?

A

Plasmodia slime molds

Cellular slime molds

55
Q

Unikonta —> amoebozoans

  • Many species brightly pigmented, usually yellow or orange
  • not multicellular, undivided by plasma membrane and contain many diploid nuclei
  • it extends pseudopodia through decomposing material, engulfing food by phagocytosis (heterotrophs)
A

Plasmodial slime molds

56
Q

Unikonta —> amoebozoans

Plasmodia slime molds Grows in a mass called __________
Mitosis but no cytokinesis (big blob)

A

Plasmodium

57
Q

Unikonta —> amoebozoans

  • Form multicellular aggregate in which cells are separated by their membranes
  • cells feed individually, but can aggregate to form a fruiting body
  • these have cytokinesis, many cells together

-Dictyostelium discoideum is an experimental model for studying the evolution of multicellularity

A

Cellular slime molds

58
Q

_________________ is an experimental model for studying the evolution of multicellularity

A

Dictyostelium discoideum

59
Q

Supergroup unikonta

  • unicellular
  • lobe or tube-shaped pseudopodia (how they move)
  • most are heterotrophic and actively seek and consume bacteria and other protists
A

Tubulinids

60
Q

supergroup unikonta

  • parasites of vertebrae’s in some invertebrates
  • entamoeba histolytica causes amoebic dysentery (diarrhea with blood)
    • The third leading cause of human death due to eukaryotic parasites
A

Entamoebas

61
Q

Causes amoebic dysentery (diarrhea with blood)

Third leading cause of human death due to eukaryotic parasites

A

entamoeba histolytica

62
Q

Includes animals, fungi and several groups of protists

Chanoflagellate protists

  • features distinctive collar surrounding flagella
  • modern protist most related to the common ancestor of animals
A

Clade opisthokonts

63
Q

How do protists play a role ecologically?

A
  • are found in diverse aquatic environments
  • Often play the role of symbioant or producer
  • dinoflagellates nourish coral polyps
  • wood digesting protists protists digest cellulose in the gut of terminates

Biology 1407 (22 decks)

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