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Nursing 281 > Chapter 41 and 42 Hematology > Flashcards

Chapter 41 and 42 Hematology Flashcards

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1
Q

Fibrinolytics

A

Selectively degrade fibrin threads in the formed blood clot

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2
Q

Platelet Inhibitors

A

prevent platelets from becoming active or activated platelets from clumping together

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3
Q

Anemia

A

Reduction in RBC’s, hemoglobin, or hematocrit

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4
Q

Sickle cell disease

A

Genetic

chronic anemia, pain, disability, organ damage, increased risk for infection, and early death

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5
Q

Sickle Cell Disease: Pathophysiology

A

Formation of abnormal hemoglobin chains

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6
Q

Iron Deficiency Anemia cause

A

blood loss, poor intestinal absorption, or inadequate diet

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7
Q

Iron Deficiency Anemia sx

A

weakness and pallor

abnormal bleeding, especially from the GI tract

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8
Q

Causes of Vitamin B12 Deficiency Anemia

A

small bowel resection, tapeworm, overgrowth of intestinal bacteria

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9
Q

Result of Vitamin B12 Deficiency Anemia

A

improper DNA synthesis of RBCs.

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10
Q

Pernicious Anemia

A

failure to absorb vitamin B12

Caused by a deficiency of intrinsic factor

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11
Q

Aplastic Anemia

A

Deficiency of circulating RBCs

failure of the bone marrow to produce RBC’s

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12
Q

Aplastic Anemia tx

A

Blood transfusions
Immunosuppressive therapy
Splenectomy

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13
Q

Polycythemia Vera

A

Cancer of the RBCs
Increase in blood hemoglobin or hematocrit
Over production of red blood cells, leukocytes and platelets

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14
Q

Polycythemia Vera tx

A

Phlebotomy
Hydration
Anticoagulants

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15
Q

Myelodysplastic Syndromes

A

caused by the formation of abnormal cells in the bone marrow

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16
Q

Drugs for iron overload

A

deferasirox and deferoxamine mesylate

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17
Q

Leukemia

A

of cancer with uncontrolled production of immature white blood cells in the bone marrow

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18
Q

Laboratory assessment of leukemia

A

Decreased H&H
Low platelets
Abnormal WBC (high)

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19
Q

Hodgkin’s Lymphoma: Interventions

A

One of the most treatable types of cancer
External radiation
Chemotherapy

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20
Q

Hodgkin’s Lymphoma marker

A

Reed-Sternberg cell

Spreads to different lymph nodes in an orderly fashion

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21
Q

Hodgkin’s Lymphoma sx

A

Large, painless lymph node, usually in the neck, becomes painful when alcohol ingested; fever, drenching night sweats, and unexplained weight loss

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22
Q

Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

A

more than 12 types
do not have Reed-Sternberg cell
Not orderly

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23
Q

Multiple Myeloma

A

White blood cell cancer that involves a more mature lymphocyte called a plasma cell

24
Q

Multiple Myeloma interventions

A

Chemotherapy
Autologous stem cell transplant
Analgesics
Bisphosphonates

25
Q

Autoimmune Thrombocytopenic Purpura

A

Total number of circulating platelets is greatly reduced even though production in the bone marrow is normal.
Patients make an antibody directed against the surface of their own platelets.

26
Q

Autoimmune Thrombocytopenic Purpura drug therapy

A

corticosteroids, azathioprine, IV immunoglobulin, IV anti-Rho, or low doses of chemotherapy
Platelet transfusions`

27
Q

Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP)

A

Rare

platelets clump together abnormally in the capillaries, and too few platelets remain in circulation

28
Q

Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP) tx

A

plasmapheresis, aspirin, alprostadil, plicamycin, and immunosuppressive therapy

29
Q

Types of Transfusions

A 
Red blood cell
Platelet 
Plasma—fresh frozen plasma
Cryoprecipitate
Granulocyte (white cell)
30
Q

Function of albumin in the blood

A

increases osmotic pressure of the blood, preventing the plasma from leaking into the tissues

31
Q

Functions of globulins in the blood

A

transport substances, protect the body from infections, and are the main protein of antibodies

32
Q

Components of plasma

A

albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen

33
Q

RBC’s

A

Majority of blood cells
4.2-6.1 million
Live 120 days
produce hemoglobin

34
Q

Function of hemoglobin

A

carries O2

Needs iron to function

35
Q

Function of the spleen in blood

A

balances blood cell production with blood cell destruction and assists with immunity. It destroys old or imperfect RBC’s, breaks down the hemoglobin , stores platelets, and filters antigens

36
Q

Trigger of blood clotting

A

formation of a platelet plug

37
Q

Most common sx of anemia

A

fatigue

38
Q

Most common cause of anemia

A

GI bleed

39
Q

Sickle cell anemia sx

A 
pain #1
may be asymptomatic
Jaundice
SOB, fatigue
Murmur, poor tissue perfusion
tachycardia, priaprism
pallor
40
Q

Labs seen in sickle cell anemia

A

low hematocrit
high reticulate count (due to release of immature blood cells)
high bilirubin
increased WBC

41
Q

Sickle cell anemia interventions

A

pain related to hypoxia to tissues: tx w/ O2 and opioids
hydrate
promote venus return
RBC transfusion

42
Q

Polycythemia Vera sx

A 
dark flushed skin
itching caused by dilated blood vessels and poor tissue perfusion
HTN
Distended veins
sluggish blood flow
43
Q

Chelation

A

chemical binding of iron and its removal from the body

44
Q

Leukemia without tx

A

PT will die of infection of hemorrhage

45
Q

Acute leukemia sx

A

echymosis, petechiae, open infected lesions, pallor, bleding gums, anorexia, weiht loss, enlarged liver and spleen, hematuria, tachycardia, orthostatic hypotension, palpitations, dyspnea on exertion, fatigue, h/a, fever, bone pain, joint swelling and pain

46
Q

Chronic leukemia sx

A

murmurs, bruits, slow cap refill, respiratory changes, chronic repeated infections, pallor, coolness of extremities, petechia, easy bleeding, weight loss, nausea, anorexia

47
Q

Bone marrow transplant

A

typical tx for luekemia

48
Q

Graft vs host disease (GVHD)

A

cells of the donated marrow recognize the patients cells as foreign and start an attack
Drugs are given to suppress the immune function

49
Q

Oprevlakin (Neumega)

A

given to leukemia PT’s to induce platelet growth after chemo

50
Q

Autoimmune Thrombocytopenic Purpura sx

A

o Ecchymosis, petechial rash on the arms, legs, upper chest, and neck, musosal bleeding, anemia and low H&H if bleeding episodes have happened

51
Q

Autoimmune Thrombocytopenic Purpura complication

A

Rare: intracranial bleed-induced stroke

52
Q

Hemophilia transmission

A

• X linked recessive trait passed from women to their daughters who will be carriers and to their sons who will have the disease

53
Q

Hemophilia A

A

deficiency of factor VIII and accounts for 80% of cases

54
Q

Hemophilia B

A

deficiency of factor IX- accounts for 20% of cases

55
Q

Platelet count to qualify for transfusion

A

<10,000

Nursing 281 (34 decks)

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