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Nursing 281 > Chapter 23 and 24 Cancer > Flashcards

Chapter 23 and 24 Cancer Flashcards

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1
Q

Benign tumor cells

A

These cells do not invade, the don’t migrate, and have orderly growth

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2
Q

tumor angiogenesis factor (TAF)

A

When tumor is 1 cm

triggers capillaries and other blood vessels in the area to grow new branches into the tumor

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3
Q

Bloodborne metastasis

A

most common cause of cancer spread

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4
Q

Gx

A

grade can not be determined

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5
Q

G1

A

tumor cells are well differentiated and closely resemble the normal cells from which they arose

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6
Q

G2

A

tumor cells are moderately differentiated- they still retain some of the characteristics of normal cells

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7
Q

G3

A

tumor cells are poorly differentiated and retain no normal cell characteristics

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8
Q

Ploidy

A

the description of cancer cells by chromosome number and appearance. Normal human cells have 46

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9
Q

TNM system

A

Tumor, node, metastasis system describes the anatomic extent of cancers
not useful for leukemia or lymphomas.

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10
Q

Tx

A

Primary tumor cannot be assessed

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11
Q

T0

A

no evidence of primary tumor

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12
Q

Tis

A

carcinoma in situ (in its natural or original place)

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13
Q

Nx

A

regional lymph nodes cannot be assessed

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14
Q

N0

A

no regional lymph node metastasis

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15
Q

M0

A

no distant metastasis

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16
Q

M1

A

distant metastasis

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17
Q

Mitotic index

A

the percentage of actively dividing cells within a tumor

85%- fast growing tumor

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18
Q

Viral carcinogens examples

A

Eptein-Barr virus, hep B and hep C, HPV

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19
Q

Biggest CA risk factor

A

age (>60)

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20
Q

7 warning signs of CA

CAUTION

A 
C- changes in bowel or bladder habits
A- A sore throat that does not heal
U- Unusual bleeding or discharge
T- Thickening or lump in the breast or elsewhere
I- Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
O- Obvious change in a wart or mole
N- Nagging cough or hoarseness
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21
Q

Cancer that invades the bone marrow causes what?

A

anemia, thrombocytopenia, and reduce production of healthy WBC’s

22
Q

Cancer that spreads to the liver causes what?

A

malnutrition and death

23
Q

Radiation tx

A

destroys cancer cells with minimal exposure to normal cells

local treatment

24
Q

Radiation dose

A

amount of radiation absorbed by the tissue

always less than exposure

25
Q

Teletherapy

A

radiation source is external to the PT

PT is not radioactive

26
Q

Brachytherapy

A

radiation in direct, continuous contact with the tumor

the patient emits radiation and is hazardous to others for 48 hours after

27
Q

Chemotherapy

A

major tx

has some selectivity for killing CA cells over normal cells

28
Q

Types of normal cells effected by chemotherapy

A

those that divide rapidly such as skin, hair, intestinal tissues, spermatocytes, and blood forming cells

29
Q

Nadir

A

the time when bone marrow activity and WBC counts are at their lowest level after chemo

30
Q

Frequency of chemotherapy administration

A

every 3-4 weeks

on average 4-12 times

31
Q

Extravasation

A

the major complication of IV infusion
drug leaks into the surrounding tissues
can cause severe tissue damage
Surgery may be needed

32
Q

Side effects of chemo

A 
anemia
thrombocytopenia
neutropenia 
mucositis
changes in cognitive function
N/V
peripheral neuropathy
33
Q

Neutropenia

A

greatly increases risk for infection and can cause death

34
Q

Neutropenia tx

A

BMR’s (biologic response modifier) to stimulate bone marrow production

35
Q

BMR’s ex

A

neupogen, procrit/epogen, neumega

36
Q

Thrombocytopenia

A

increases risk for bleeding

<20K platelets may have spontaneous bleeding and need a transfusion

37
Q

Mucositis

A

open sores on mucous membrane
especially stomatitis
PT should drink 3L of H2O daily

38
Q

Hormonal manipulation

A

aimed at decreasing hormones to slow CA growth

39
Q

Tamoxifen

A

estrogen antagonist-agonist
used to tx breast CA
binds to estrogen so it is unavailable for cells

40
Q

Tamoxifen se

A 
hot flashes and wt gain
increased hair growth
decreased breast tissue or gynnecomastia in men
sexual disfunction
increased risk of DVT
41
Q

Photodynamic therapy

A

Selective destruction of cancer cells through a chemical reaction triggered by different types of laser light
Dye is administered IV and collects in CA cells in 2-3 days

42
Q

Photodynamic therapy se

A

photosensitive for 12 weeks (sunblock will not prevent sunburn)
eye/skin pain

43
Q

Oncologic Emergencies

A 
sepsis
disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
SIADH
spinal cord compression
hypercalcemia
superior vena cava syndrome
44
Q

disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

A

often caused by sepsis
seen in leukemia
clotting followed by bleeding

45
Q

disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) sx

A

pain, strokelike symptoms, dyspnea, tachycardia, oilguria, and tissue death

46
Q

SIADH sx and tx

A

hyponatremia, weakness, muscle cramps, fatigue, loss of appetite, seizures, coma
tx: Fluid restrictions

47
Q

Hypercalcemia

A

usually seen in bone CA

48
Q

Hypercalcemia sx and tx

A

Fatigue, N/V, constipation, polyuria, etc

tx: Increase hydration, calcitonin

49
Q

Superior vena cava syndrome

A

Occurs from compression of the SVC

50
Q

Superior vena cava syndrome sx

A

edema of the face especially around the eyes upon awakening, tightness of the shirt collar, edema in the arms and hands, dyspnea, erythema of the upper body, nose bleeds, ALOC

Nursing 281 (34 decks)

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