Chapter 28: Reproductive System Flashcards
Gonads
Female: ovaries
Make: testes
Gametes
Female: oocytes
Male: sperm
Gonads produce
Sex hormones, which affect the maturation, development,and activity of the reproductive organs
Sexual intercourse is also called
Copulation
Coitus
Puberty starts when the hypothalamus increases the release of
GnRH (gonadatropin releasing hormone)
Changes at puberty
More release of GnRH
- external sex characteristics become prominat, reproductive organs become functional, gametes mature, and gonads secrete sex hormones
GnRH stimulates the anterior pituitary to secure
FSH and LH
Ovary and testies
Produces tamales and sex hormones
Clitoris and glands of the penis
Contains erectile tissue that stimulates sexual arousal and climax
Labia minora and body of the penis
Contain erectile tissue that stimulates sexual arousal and climax
Labia majora and scrotum
Protect and cover some reproductive structure
Greater vestibular gland and bulbourethral gland
Secretes mucin for lunrication
Functions of the female reproductive system
- produce ova
- secrete sex hormones
- receive spermatozoa
- site for fertilization and implantation of blastocyst
- development of embryo and fetus
- facilitate parturition
- provide nourishment for baby
Primary sex organ in the females is
The ovaries
Female accessory sex organs
- uterine tubes
- uterus
- vagina
- clitoris
- mammary glands
Ovaries
Paired, oval organs slightly larger than an almond
Mesovarium
A double food of peritoneum attached to an anterior ovary
Broad ligament
Peritoneum draping uterus
Ovarian ligament
Anchors ovary to lateral uterus
Suspensory ligament
Attached the lateral ovary to the pelvic walk
Each ovary is supplied by an
Ovarian artery and ovarian vein
Germinal epithelium
Epithelial layer that Surrounds each ovary
Deep to the germinal epithelium is a connective tissue capsule called
Tunics albuginea
Ovary cortex contains
Follicles,
Ovary medulla contains
Connective tissue, blood vessels,
Lymph vessels, and nerves
Primordial follicles
Are most primitive
- consists of primary oocytes surrounded by a single layer of sqoumous follicle cells
Primary follicle consists of
Primary oocytes surrounded by a sign,e layer of granulosa cells
Zona pellucida
Of glycoproteins surrounds the oocyte
Secondary follicle contains
A primary oocyte, many layers of granulosa cells, and same thecal cells
Antral follicle contains
Fluid filled antrum with granulosa cells
Corona radia
Is the innermost layer of granulosa cells that make up the cumulus oophorus surrounding a oocyte
A mature follicle contains
A secondary oocyte, numerous granulosa cells, and a large antrum
After the oocyte is ovulated, remnants of the follicle become
Corpus luteum
After the corpus lutenum breaks down it become a the
Corpus albicans
- connective scar
- reabsorbed
Corpus luteum secretes
Progesterone and estrogen
Ovulation
Mature (graafian) follicle ruptured
Function of uterine tubes/ fallopian tube / oviducts
Transport secondary oocytes and fertilized ovaries from ovaries to the uterus
Regions of the uterine tube include
- infundibulum
- ampulla
- isthmus
- uterine part
Infundibulum
Funnel shaped lateral margin of the tube with finger like projections called fumbriae
Ampulla
Expanded region medial to the infundibulum where fertilization typically occurs
Isthmus
Just medial to the ampulla and represents about 1/3 of the entire length of the uterine tube
Uterine part
Medial to isthmus, continuous with the uterus
Uterus / womb position
- normally angled anterosuperiorly across superior surface of the urinary bladder, a position referred to as anteverted
- if positioned postersuperiorly (projecting toward the rectum) the position is called retroverted
Uterine functions
- site of implantation
- supports and protects the developing embryo
- ejects the fetus during labour
Perimertrium
Outermost layer
- composed of series
Myomentrium
Thick middle tunic composed of smooth muscle capable of hypertrophy and hyperplasia during pregnancy
Endometrium
Mucosa of simple columnar epithelium and underlying laminate propria with uterine glands
Basal layer
Undergoes little change during the uterine cycle
Functional layer of endometrium
Changes thickness during the uterine cycle and is ahead as menses if fertilization and implantation don’t occur
Vagina functions
- receptacle for penis during sexual intercourse
- outlet for menstrual flow
- passageway for childbirth
Dendritic cells
Are antigen presenting cells
Mucosa of vagina contains
- large amounts of glycogen
- decomposition to produce organic acids
The vagina is (acidic/ basic)
Acidic
- retard microbial growth, but is also harmful to sperm
Bulbs of vestibule
Increase sensitivity during inter course
Moms pubis
Is an expanse of skin and subcutaneous connective tissue immediately anterior to the pubic symphysis
Labia majora
- paired, thicken food of skin covered with hair
- contains sebaceous and sweat glands
Labia minora
- highly vascularized
- contain many melanocytes
Space between the labia minora
Vestibule
Greater veeribular glands
Glands of bartholin
- secrete mucin to lubricant the vagina
Corpora cavernosa
Two small erectile bodies
Corpora cavernosa form
The body of the clitoris
Glans
Capping the body of penis and clitoris
Prepuce
An external food of the labia minora that folds a hoodlike covering over the clitoris
Alveoli in mammary glands
Within lobbies produces milk
Lactiferous sinus
Store milk
Lactiferous ducts
Carry milk to Lactiferous sinus
Areola
Pigmented portion around the Nicole’s, contains modified sebaceous glands
Testes
sperm and hormones
The duct system
Transports and stores sperm, assists in their maturation, and conveys them to the exterior
Semen
Contains sperm play secretions provided by the accessory sex glands
Penis
Delivers sperm into the female reproductive tract
Scrotum
Supports the testes
- skin like sac that provides testes with a cooler environment than body temperature
Raphe
Midline ridge on the scrotum
Dartos muscle
Layer of smooth muscle that is part of the wall of the scrotum
Tunica vaginalis
Covers testes anteriorly and laterally
- has a parietal layer and a visceral layer
Interstitial (leydig’s) cells
Testosterone
Seminiferous tubules
Spermogenesis
Sertolic cells
Nouris, support and protect sperms
Corpus luteum function
Secretes estrogen and progesterone
Infundibulum
Funnel shaped lateral margin of the tube with finger like protections called fimbriae
Ampulla
Expanded region medial to infundibulum where fertilization typically occurs
Isthmus
Just medial to the ampulla and represents about one third of the entire length of uterine tubes
Uterine part
Medial to isthmus, continuous with the uterus
Round ligaments
Extends from lateral uterus, though inguinal canal, and attactch to labia majora
Transverse vertical ligaments
Cardinal ligaments
-attach to the cervix and superior vagina to the pelvic wall
Uterosacral ligaments
Sacrocervical ligaments
- connect the inferior portion of the uterus to the sacrum
Weakness of uterus support can result in
Prolapse
Vagina historology
Nonkertienized stratified squamous epithelium
Spermatic cord originates from
Inguinal canal
Spermatic cord consists of
- internal spermatic fascia
- cremaster muscle and cremastic fascia
- external spermatic fascia
- testicular artery
- pampiniform plexus
Internal spermatic fascia
From deep abdominal muscles
Cremaster muscle and cremaster is fascia
Form extension of internal oblique muscles and their aponeuroses
External spermatic fascia
Forms from aponeurosis of external oblique muscle
Testicular artery
Branch of the abdominal aorta
Pampinform plexus
A network of veins surrounding the testicular artery
Tunica albuginea
White finerous capsule deep tot rh tunica vaginalis that covers the testis
Mediastinum testis
Sure where blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and some nerves enter
Septa
Subdivides to form about 250 lobules
Each lobule constrains up to four
Convoluted seminiferous tubules
Seminiferous tubules contains two types of cells
- sustentacukar cells
- germ cells
Sustentacular cells
No dividing support cells that assist with sperm development
- release inhibit when sperm count is high
- connected by junctions that for the blood testis barrier
Germ cells
Continuously produce sperm begginging at puberty
Interstitial spaces
Spaces surrounding seminiferous tubules
Interstitial cells
Produce a hormones called androgens
Fete testis
Receives sperm from seminiferous tubules
Efferent ductile
Connect the rete testis to the epididymis
Epididymis
Stores sperm cells and assists in their maturation
Sperm leaving the epididymis enter the
Ductus deferents (vas deference)
Ejactulatort duct
Conducts sperm and seminal vesicle secretions to the prostatic urethra
Urethra male
Transport semen form both ejactlaort ducts to the outside of the body
Accessory gland
Secrete fluids to mix with sperm and create seminal fluid
- seminal vesicles
- prostate gland
- bulbourethral glands
Seminal vesicles secrete
A viscous, white yellowisj, alkaline fluid containing fructose, prostaglandins, and bicarbonate
Prostate gland secretion
- slightly acidic and contains mucin, citric acid, seminalplasmin, and proststic specific antigen (PSA)
Prostatic specific antigen
An enzyme that help liquify sperm
Bulbourethral glands function
- secrete clear, viscous mucin to lubricators urethra prior to ejactualtion
Semen
- combination of sperm and seminal fluid released from the accessory glands
- ejaculated during intercourse
Tip of the penis
Glans
Shaft of the penis contains
- corpora coronasa
- corpus spongiosum (surrounds spongy urethra)
Venous spaces
Erectile bodies of the penis
- will with blood during erection
Ejaculation
Expelling of semen from the penis
- aided by the rhyming contraction of smooth muscle of the urethra
- sympathetic innervation is responsible for ejaculation
