Chapter 25: The Respitory System Flashcards
Otorhinolaryngology
Ear, nose, and throat
Pulmonologist
Diagnosis and treatment of lung disease
Primary function of the respitory system
Gas exchange
Functions of the respitory system
- gas transport and gas exchange
- gas conditioning (cleanse, humidify, and warm)
- filters inhaled air
- produces sounds (vocalization)
- oldfaction
- immune defence
- eliminates small amounts of water and heat through exhaled air
The respitory systems are seperated based on
Structure
Upper respiratory system (URT) consists of
- nose / nasal cavity
- paranasal cavity
- pharynx
- larynx
- tonsils
- associated structure
The lower respiratory system consists of
- trachea
- bronchi
- lungs
Conducting zone purpose
Filters, warms, moistens, and conducts air into the lungs
Respitory zone purpose
Sites of gas exchange
The conducting zone consists of
- nose / nasal cavity
- pharynx
- larynx
- trachea
- bronchi
- bronchioles
- terminal bronchioles
Respiratory Zone Consists of
- respitory bronchioles
- alveolar ducts
- alveolar sacs
- alveoli
The conducting and respiratory zone are seperated based on
Functions
What are the two regions of the nasal cavity
- respiratory region
- olfactory region
Conchae
Bony projections from the lateral wall of the nasal cavity
Meatuses
- air passageway between the conchae
- lined by mucous membranes
- swirl/ warm/ moisten inhaled air
- increases surface area
- prevents dehydration
What secretes mucous
Goblet cells
Paranasal sinuses and nasolacrimal duct
- secretions help moisten air
Cilia
- move mucous and trapped dust particle towards the pharynx
Nasal cavity structures
- conchae
- meatuses
- paranasal sinuses and nasolacrimal ducts
- cilia
Functions of the nose / nasal cavity
- warm, mistime and filter inhaled air
- detect olfactory
- modifies speech ad air passes through resonating chambers
Paranasal sinus functions
- sound resonance
- decreases weight of the skull
- warms, swirls, and moistens air
- sound modification
Pharynx functions
- passageway for air, liquid, and food
- resonating chambers for speech sounds
- houses tonsils (immunology)
- lined with mucosa
- contains skeletal muscles, which control swallowing
What are the tree divisions of the pharynx
- naso
- oro
- laryngo
Where is the nasopharynx located
- posterior to nasal cavity, extended to soft plate
What are the 5 openings of the nasopharynx
- two internal nares
- two eustatian tube openings (auditory tubes); connects the nasopharynx to the tympanic cavity
- one oropharynx opening
What tonsils does the nasopharynx contain
- pharyngeal and adrenoid tonsils
What is the function of the nasopharynx
- prevents air enters into the food
What structures prevent air enters into the food
- soft palate and uvula
Where is the oropharynx located
- middle portion between the soft palate and the hyoid bone
- base of the tongue forms the anterior wall
What is the opening of the oral cavity to oropharynx
Faucets
What tonsils does the oropharynx contain
- palatine and Lingual tonsils
What is the function of the oropharynx
- allows passageway of food, fluid, and air
What is another name for the laryngopharynx
Hypopharynx
Where is the laryngopharynx
- begins at the hypoid bone and ends at the larynx
Functions of the laryngopharynx
- both digestive and respiratory
Functions of the larynx
- passageway for air
- prevents ingested material from entering the trachea and bronchi
- produces sound for speech
- increases pressure in the abdominal cavity (valsolva maneuver)
- both sneeze and cough reflex
Single cartilages
- thyroid
- epiglottis
- cricoid
Function of single cartilage
Supports and protects
Paired cartilage
- arytenoid
- cuneiform
- corniculate
What is the function of paired cartilage
Sound production
Vocal fold
True vocal cords
- produce sound
Vestibular folds
False vocal cords
Trachea functions
- windpipe
- tubular passageway for air
- extends from larynx to T5
- supported by c shaped tracheal cartilage
The ends of tracheal cartilage is connected by
Trachealis muscles
What type of cartilage is the tracheal cartilage
Hyaline cartilage
What separates the thoracic cavity into two distinct chambers?
Mediastinum
Oblique fissures separates in the left lung
The superior and inferior lobes
Oblique fissure separates in the right lung
The superior lobe from the inferior one and the middle lobe
Type I Alveolar cells
- simple squamous epithelium
- permit gas exchange
Type II Alveolar
- secretes surfactant
- reduces surface tension (prevents the lungs from collapsing)
Alveolar Macrophages
- phagocytize cells
- engulfs particles (immunity)
