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HLSC120: Human Anatomy > Ch. 22 + 23: Heart And Blood Vessels > Flashcards

Ch. 22 + 23: Heart And Blood Vessels Flashcards

1
Q

Arteries

A
  • carry blood away from the heart
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2
Q

Veins

A

Carry blood back to the heart

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3
Q

Great vessels

A
  • arteries and veins entering and leaving the heart
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4
Q

What do heart valves do

A

Make sure that blood flow is unidirectional

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5
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A
  • right side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the pulmonary arteries
  • pulmonary veins carry blood to the left side of the heart
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6
Q

Systemic circulation

A
  • left side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood through systemic arteries to the bodies cells
  • exchanges nutrients, gasses, and wastes are exchanged and carried through systemic veins
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7
Q

Mediastinum

A
  • space located slightly left of the midline, deep to the sternum
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8
Q

Where is the right boarder locatated

A

More anteriorly

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9
Q

Pericardium

A
  • tough sac
  • restricts heart movements so that it moves only slightly within the thorax
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10
Q

Fibrous pericardium

A

Tough outer sac

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11
Q

Serous pericardium

A
  • composed of parietal and visceral layers
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12
Q

Pericardial cavity

A
  • thin space between layers of serous pericardium containing serous fluid
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13
Q

Function of fibrous pericardium

A
  • made up of dense irregular connective tissue
  • prevents overstretching of the heart
  • provides protection
  • anchors the heart in the mediastinum
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14
Q

Serous pericardium consists of

A
  • parietal pericardium
  • visceral pericardium
  • pericardial fluid
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15
Q

Epicardium

A
  • most superficial layer
    a visceral layer of the serous pericardium and areolar connective tissue
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16
Q

Myocardium

A
  • middle layer
  • cardiac muscle
  • thickest of the three layers
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17
Q

Endocardium

A
  • most deep layer
  • internal surface of the heart chambers
  • simple squamous epithelium and Ariel or connective tissue
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18
Q

Intercalated discs are made up of:

A

Desmosomes
Jap junctions

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19
Q

Sulci

A

Marks the boundary between two heart chambers

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20
Q

Coronary sulcus

A

Marks the boundary between superior atria and inferior ventricles

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21
Q

Anterior interventricular sulcus

A

Marks the boundary between the left and right ventricles

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22
Q

Posterior interventricular sulcus

A

Marks the boundary between the ventricles on the posterior side of the heart

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23
Q

Right atrium receives blood from

A
  • vena cava
  • coronary sinus
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24
Q

Coronary sinus

A

Deoxygenated blood from the heart surface

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25
Q

Pectinate muscles

A

Are internal smooth ridges on the atrial wall

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26
Q

What is between the right atria and ventricle

A

Tricuspid valve

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27
Q

Trabeculae carnae

A

Raised bundles of smooth muscular ridges

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28
Q

Papillary muscle

A

Cone shaped muscular projections

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29
Q

Chordae tendineae

A

Strands of collagen fibers

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30
Q

Septomarginal trabecula

A
  • secures papillary muscles to the interventricular septum
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31
Q

Left atrium receives blood from the

A

Pulmonary veins

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32
Q

What valve is between the left atria and ventricle

A

Bicuspid / mitral

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33
Q

Left ventricle

A

The thickest - pumps blood to the rest of the body

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34
Q

Conus arteries is

A

Smooth wall conical region

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35
Q

Atria characteristics

A
  • thinner
  • generate less blood pressure to deliver blood a short distance
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36
Q

Ventricle characteristics

A
  • three times thicker
  • generate more pressure
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37
Q

Fibrous skeleton functions

A
  • prevent overstretching of the valves
  • secure valves if the heart wall
  • point of intersection for bundles of cardiac muscle fibres
  • provides electrical insulation between atria and ventricles
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38
Q

Four dense connective tissue rings

A
  • pulmonary fibrous ring
  • aortic fibrous ring
  • right atrioventricular fibrous ring
  • left atrioventricular fibrous ring
39
Q

Av valves

A

Tricuspid
Bicuspid (mitral)

40
Q

Semilunar valves

A
  • allow ejection of blood from the ventricles
  • prevent the back flow of blood into the heart
41
Q

Right marginal artery

A
  • supplies the right boarder of the heart
42
Q

Posterior interventricular artery

A
  • supplies posterior surface of the left and right ventricles
43
Q

Anterior interventricular artery

A
  • also called; “left anterior descending artery”
  • supplies the anterior surface of both ventricles and most of the inter-ventricular septum
44
Q

Circumflex artery

A
  • supplies the left atrium and ventricle
45
Q

Great cardiac vein

A
  • runs alongside the anterior interventricular artery
46
Q

Middle cardiac vein

A
  • runs alongside the posterior interventricular artery
47
Q

Small cardiac vein

A

Travels close to the right marginal artery

48
Q

Nervous system and cardiac

A
  • certain hormones can alter the pace of contractions, but the nervous system does not initiate contractions
49
Q

Autorhythmicity cells

A

Initiates it’s own heartbeat

50
Q

Conducting system

A

Specialized cells that start and propagate electrical impulses to contractile cells

51
Q

Arteries

A

Carry blood away from the heart to other organs

52
Q

Capillaries

A
  • are at a cellular level; are exchange vessels
53
Q

Veins

A

Venues merge to form larger blood vessels called veins

54
Q

Tunica interna contains

A
  • endothelium
  • subendothelial layer
  • internal elastic lamina
55
Q

Endothelium

A
  • innermost lining, simple squamous epithelium
56
Q

Subendothelial layer

A
  • made up of areolar connective tissue
  • provides physical support base for the epithelial layer
  • collagen fibres provide tensile strength, stretching, and recoiling
57
Q

Internal elastic lamina

A
  • separates T. Intima from T. Media
58
Q

Tunica Media

A
  • muscular and connective tissue layer
  • relatively thick; composed of smooth muscle cells and large amounts of elastic fibres
  • smooth muscles: adjust the diameter of the lumen wall to regulate blood flow and blood pressure
59
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

Innervates smooth muscles of blood vessels

60
Q

External, elastic lamina

A
  • separates T. Media from T. Externa
61
Q

Tunica Externa

A
  • forms covering and consists of elastic and collagen fibres
  • numerous nerves
  • tiny blood vessels that supply tissue of the vessel wall: called vasa vasorum or vessels to the vessels
  • seen on large vessels such as the aorta
  • T. Externa anchors the vessels to the surrounding tissue
62
Q

Luman diameter

A

A: narrower
V: wider

63
Q

General wall thickness

A

A: thicker
V: thinner

64
Q

Cross sectional shape

A

A: retains circular shape
V: flatten (collapse) if no blood is in veins

65
Q

Thickest tunic

A

A: tunica media
V: tunica Externa

66
Q

Elastic and collagen fibres in tunics

A

A: more
V: less

67
Q

Valves

A

A: none
V: present in most

68
Q

Blood pressure

A

A: higher
V: lower

69
Q

Blood flow

A

A: away from heart
V: towards heart

70
Q

Blood oxygen levels

A

A:
- systemic: high in oxygen
- pulmonary: low in oxygen
V:
- systemic: low in oxygen
- pulmonary: high in oxygen

71
Q

Three types of arteries

A
  • elastic
  • muscular
  • arterioles
72
Q

Elastic / conducting arteries

A
  • largest
  • most located near the heart
  • allow stretch
  • branch into muscular arteries
73
Q

Examples of elastic arteries

A
  • aorta and pulmonary trunk
  • brachiocephalic
  • subclavian
  • common carotid
  • common iliac arteries
74
Q

Muscular / distribution arteries

A
  • medium sized
  • more smooth muscles and fewer elastic fibres
  • well defined internal elastic lamina
  • no ability to recoil and help propel blood through them
    Contains T. Media
  • has vascular tone
75
Q

Examples of muscular arteries

A
  • brachial
  • anterior tibial
  • coronary
  • inferior mesenteric
76
Q

Arterioles / resistance vessels

A
  • smallest arteries
  • generally al, have less than six cell layers of smooth muscle in tunica media
    Sympathetic interaction to muscle fibres of tunica media causes vasoconstriction
  • elevates blood pressure (upstream) and decreases local blood flow (downstream)
77
Q

Exchange vessels

A

Capillaries
- smallest blood vessels
- consist solely of tunica intima: single layer of endothelial cells and basement membrane
- allow metabolic exchange between blood and tissues

78
Q

Continuous capillaries

A
  • the plural membranes of endothelial cells form a continuous tube, except interrupted only by intercellular clefts
79
Q

Continuous capillaries location

A
  • muscles
  • the brain
80
Q

Fee started capillaries

A
  • plural membranes of endothelial cells have many fenestrations
81
Q

Fenestrated capillaries location

A
  • small intestine
  • kidney
82
Q

Sinusoids

A
  • wider and more winding
  • have large fenestrations
  • contains incomplete or absent basement membrane
  • lager intercellular clefts
83
Q

Intercellular clefts

A
  • allow proteins and in some cases even blood cells to pass from a tissue into the bloodstream
84
Q

Sinusoids location

A
  • bone marrow
  • liver
85
Q

Venules

A
  • smallest veins
    -companion vessels with arterioles
  • merge to form veins
86
Q

Smallest venules

A

Post capillary venules

87
Q

Diapedesis

A

Leukocytes migrating from the bloodstream to intestinal fluid
- occurs through walls of post a pillar venules

88
Q

Fetal blood circulation occurs through

A

The placenta

89
Q

How do fetuses obtain oxygen nutrients and eliminate Corbin dioxide and wastes

A

Through maternal blood

90
Q

Ductus arteriosus postnatal structure

A
  • ligamentum arteriosum
91
Q

Ductus venous postnatal structure

A

Ligamentum venous

92
Q

Foremen ovale postnatal structure

A

Fossa ovalis

93
Q

Umbilical arteries postnatal structure

A

Medial umbilical ligaments

94
Q

Umbilical vein

A

Round ligament of the liver (ligamentum teres)

HLSC120: Human Anatomy (16 decks)

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