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HLSC120: Human Anatomy > Chapter 15: The Brian And Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

Chapter 15: The Brian And Cranial Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

Cerebrum consists of:

A
  • right and left cerebral hemisphere ( 5 lobes)
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2
Q

Diencephalon consists of:

A
  • epithalamus
  • thalamus
  • hypothalamus
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3
Q

Brain stem consists of:

A
  • midbrain
  • pons
  • medulla oblongata
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4
Q

Grey matter

A
  • houses motor and inter neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons
    -Form the cerebral cortex (covers the surface of most of the adult brain)
  • form clusters within the white matter called cerebral nuclei
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5
Q

Features 5at support and protect the brain

A
  • body cranium
  • cranial meninges
  • cerebrospinal fluid
  • blood brain barrier
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6
Q

Cranial meninges

A
  • continuous with the spinal meninges: the outer dura matter, arachnoid mater, and pia mater.
  • has two layers fused together to enclose the dual venous sinus that drain venous blood from the brain and reliever it to the internal jugular veins
  • no epidural space around the brain
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7
Q

Cranial dura septa contains:

A
  • flax cerebri
  • flax cerebelli
  • tentorium cerebelli
  • diaphragm sellae
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8
Q

Falx cerebri

A

Separates the two hemispheres at the cerebrum

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9
Q

Falx cerebelli

A

Separates the two hemispheres of the cerebellum

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10
Q

Tentorium cerebelli

A

Separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum

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11
Q

Diaphragm sallae

A

Form a “ roof” over the cells turcica of the sphenoid bone

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12
Q

Brain ventericles contain

A
  • cavities within the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid
  • 4
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13
Q

Lateral ventricles are separated by

A

2
- seperated by a thin septum pellucidum

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14
Q

Third ventricle ( diencephalon)

A
  • communicate with lateral ventricles through the inter-ventricular foramen
  • communicates with the fourth ventricle through the cerebral aqueduct
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15
Q

Forth ventrical

A

Between the pond and the cerebellum
- merges with the central canal of the spinal cord

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16
Q

Cerebralspinal fluid

A

-Clear liquid that circulate in ventricle and subarachnoid space
- formed by choroid plexus

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17
Q

CSF functions

A
  • buoyancy
  • protection
  • environmental stability: transport nutrient, helical, and removes waste from the brain
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18
Q

Choroid Plexus

A
  • compromised of a thin layer of ependymal cells and capillaries that lie within the pia mater
  • blood from capillaries is filtered from the CSF
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19
Q

Blood Brain Barrier

A
  • regulates what substances can enter the interstitial fluid of the brain
  • liquid solvable substance ( nicotine, alcohol, and anaesthetics)
  • capillary endothelial cells, astrocytes per vascular feet, and continuous basement membrane contribute to the BBB
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20
Q

Where is the blood brain barrier reduced?

A
  • choroid plexus
  • hypothalamus
  • pineal gland
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21
Q

Cerebrum

A
  • “ seat of intelligence”
  • centre of intelligence, reasoning, sensory perception, thought, memory, judgement, voluntary motor activities, and auditory activities
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22
Q

What does the cerebrum consist of?

A
  • cerebral hemispheres
  • cerebral cortex
  • gyri
  • fissures
  • sulci
  • corpus callosum
  • basal nuclei
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23
Q

Gyri

A

Folds of the cerebrum

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24
Q

Fissures

A

Deep grooves in the cerebrum

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25
Q

Sulci

A

Shallow depressions in the cerebrum

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26
Q

Corpus callosum

A

Internally connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres

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27
Q

Lobes if the cerebrum

A

Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital

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28
Q

Central sulcus

A

Separate the frontal and parietal lobes

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29
Q

Precentral gyrus

A

The primary motor area of the cerebral cortex

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30
Q

Postcentral gyrus

A

Primary somatosensory area of the cerebral cortex

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31
Q

Lateral cerebral sulcus ( fissure)

A

Separates the frontal lobe and the temporal lobe

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32
Q

Parieto-occipital sulcus

A

Separates the parietal and occipital lobes

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33
Q

Frontal lobe functions

A

Voluntary movement, concentration, verbal communication, decision making, planning, and personality

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34
Q

Post central gyrus

A

Is a ridge in the parietal lobe immediately posterior to the central sulcus

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35
Q

Parietal lobe functions

A

Involved with general sensory perception
Ex. Shale and texture of objects

36
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Involved in hearing and smelling

37
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Processes incoming visual information and store visual memories

38
Q

Insula

A

Deep to the lateral sulcus
Involved in interoceptive awareness, emotion, empathy, taste

39
Q

Motor areas of the cerebrum

A

Control voluntary motor functions
Include:
- primary motor areas
- motor speech area ( Broca’s area)

40
Q

Sensory areas of the cerebrum

A

Provide conscious awareness of sensation
Includes:
- primary somatosensory area
- primary visual area
- primary auditory area
- primary gustatory area
- primary olfactory area

41
Q

Association area of the cerebrum

A

Interpretive, analyze, and store information
- somatosensory association area
- visual association area
- auditory association area
- wernickes area
- gnostic area

42
Q

Primary motor area

A
  • located in the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe
  • control voluntary skeletal muscle activity
43
Q

Frontal Eye Feild

A
  • located in the superior surface of the middle frontal gyrus
  • regulate the eye movements for reading and coordinating binocular vision
44
Q

Primary somatosensory cortex

A
  • located in the post central gyrus area of the parietal lobe
  • receives somatic information from touch, pain, itch, tickle, propreoception, thermal sensation, sensory receptors,
  • locate the orgins of reception
45
Q

Primary visual cortex

A
  • located in the occipital lobe
  • received and processes visual information
46
Q

Primary auditory cortex

A
  • located in the temporal lobe
  • receives and processes auditory information
47
Q

Primary gustatory cortex

A
  • located in the post central gyrus in the parietal lobe
  • processes and receives taster information
48
Q

Primary oldfactory cortex

A
  • located in the temporal lobe
  • processes and receives smell information
49
Q

Somatosensory association area

A
  • located in the parietal lobe
  • integrates and interprets sensations to determine the texture, shape, and pressure of the objects
50
Q

Visual association area

A
  • located in the occipital lobe
  • processes visual information by analyzing clot, movement and form of an object
51
Q

Auditory association area

A
  • located in the temporal lobe
  • allow to recognize a particular sound such as speech, music, or noise
52
Q

Werkicke’s area

A
  • located in the left hemisphere
  • involved in recognizing, understanding and comprehending spoken or written language
53
Q

Epithalmus contains

A
  • pineal gland
    -habenular nuclei
54
Q

Pineal gland

A

Secretes melatonin

55
Q

Functions of melatonin

A
  • promotes sleepiness
  • regulate circadian rhythm
56
Q

Harbenular nuclei

A

Relay signals form the lambic system to the midbrain
- involved in visceral and emotions responses to odour

57
Q

Thalamus

A

Serve as a relay station for reflexes and smell
Responsible for filtering out sounds and sights
Relay information to the somatosensory cortex

58
Q

Infundibulum

A

Extends inferiority from the hypothalamus to attach to the pituitary gland

59
Q

Hypothalamus functions

A
  • control autonomic reflexes
  • control endocrine system
  • regulation of body temp
  • control of emotions behaviours (pleasure, aggression, fear, rage, contentment, sex drive)
  • control of food intake (vasopressin and aldosterone)
  • regulation of circadian rhythms
60
Q

Brain stem

A

Passageway for all tracts between the cerebrum and spinal cord
- contains autonomic and reflex centre
Contains:
- midbrain
- pons
- medulla oblongata

61
Q

Cerebral aqueduct

A

Extend through the midbrain and connects the third and fourth ventricles
- surrounded by periaqueductal grey matter

62
Q

Superior cerebellum peduncles

A

Connect the cerebellum to the midbrain

63
Q

Red nuclei

A

Axons from the cerebellum and cerebral cortex form synapses in the red nuclei
- function with the cerebrum to coordinate muscular movements

64
Q

Substantial nigra

A

Dopamine
- control subconscious muscle activities such as inhibiting forced involuntary activities

65
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

Loss of substantia nigra (dopamine) neurons

66
Q

Midbrain nerves

A
  • oculomotor (3): movement of the eyeball, change them shape of the lens
  • trochlear(4): control the eyeball movement via thetrochlear nerves
67
Q

Superior colliculi

A
  • reflex centres for visual activity
  • accommodation reflexes (tracking movements of the eyes, head and neck to respond to stimuli
68
Q

Inferior colliculi

A
  • part of the auditory reflex centre
    -turns hard and eye towards an unexpected noise
69
Q

Pons

A
  • bridge that connects right and left sides of the cerebellum as well as to the rest of the brain
  • helps control breathing
70
Q

Ventral region of Pons

A
  • pontine respiratory centre
  • medullary respiratory centre

Helps control breathing

71
Q

Dorsal region of pons

A
  • ascending and defending tracts
  • connect the left and right sides of the cerebellum
72
Q

Pons nerves

A

CN5: Trigeminal nerve —> head and face
CN6: Abducens nerve —> eyeball movement
CN7: Facial nerve—> taste buds, salivary glands, and facial expressions
CN8: Vestibulocochlear nerve—> balance and equilibrium

73
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

Cardiovascular centre
- regulate heart rate and force
Vasomotor center
- cause the constriction of Arterioles led of elevates blood pressure
Other
- adjusts basic rhythm of breathing
- sneezing, swallowing, coughing, vomiting, and hiccuping

74
Q

Inferior Oliver’s nucleus

A

Medulla oblongata
Relays impulses from proprioception to the cerebellum

75
Q

Gracile and Cuneate nuclei

A

Medulla oblongata
Associated with the sensation of touch, pressure, vibrations, and proprioceptiom

76
Q

Cranial nerves of the medulla oblongata

A
  • CN8: vestibulocochlear
  • CN9: Glossopharyngeal
    -CN10: Vagus
  • CN11: accessory
  • CN12: Hypoglossal
77
Q

Cerebellum cortex

A

Consists of gray matter in a series of slender, parallel ridges called folia

78
Q

Arbour vitae

A

Tracts of white matter in the cerebellum

79
Q

Cerebellum nuclei

A
  • grey matter
  • axons carrying impulses from the cerebellum to the other brain centres and spinal cord
80
Q

Vermis

A

Separates the two lobes of the cerebral hemispheres

81
Q

Anterior and posterior lobe of the cerebellum

A
  • govern conscious aspects of skeletal muscles
  • makes all skilled and muscular activities possible
82
Q

Cerebellum penduncles

A
  • conduct impulses between the cerebellum and other part of the brain
83
Q

Flocculonodular lobe

A

Contribute to equalibrium and balance

84
Q

Limbic system

A

-“ emotional brain”
- controls emotions such as pain, pleasure, docility, affection, anger
- involved in socio- sexual behaviour
- involved in olfaction and memory

85
Q

Damage to the limbic system causes

A

Memory impairment

86
Q

Mixed nerves

A

Contain axons of both motor and sensory neurons

87
Q

Review cranial nerves table

A

!!

HLSC120: Human Anatomy (16 decks)

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