Chapter 25: The Urinary System Flashcards
The urinary system consists of
Two kindness, two ureters, one urinary bladder, and one urethra
Functions of the kidney
- regulation of blood ionic compounds
- regulation of blood pH
- regulation of blood volume and pressure
- enzymatic regulation of blood pressure
- maintence of blood osmolarity
- production of hormones
- regulation of blood glucose level
- excretion of waste
Storage of urine
The bladder
Expulsion of urine
Urthera
Regulation of blood volume
Hormones
Kidney location
Retroperitoneal
Fibrous capsule
- directly adheres to the outer surface of the kidney
- helps maintain the shape of the kidney, protect it from trauma, and helps prevent infections from pathogens
Renal hilum
Ureters, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and where nerves enter/exit the kidney
Perinephric fat
- middle layer
- provided cushion and support to the kidney
Renal fascia
- anchors kindness to the surrounding structures and to the abdominal wall and peritoneum
Paraneohric fats
- outermost layer
- made of adipose tissue
- located between the renal fascia and peritoneum
Renal cortex
- light red region
- nephrons
Renal medulla
- dark red - brown region
- renal tubules
- consists of renal pyramids (renal papilla)
Extensions of renal cortex that project into the medulla and subdivide it
Renal columns
Renal sinus
Renal pelvis, the calyces, and branched of blood vessels
Wide base id the renal pry is makes contact with the cortex at the
Corticomedullary junction
Renal papilla
Apex of the renal pyramid
Minor calyx
- renal papillae projects in hollow funnel shaped structure
Several minor calyces fuse to form
Major calyx
Blood supply of the kidney
Renal arteries —> segmental arteries —> interlonar arteries —> renal lobe —> arcuate arteries —> affront arterioles —> glomerulus —> efferent arteriole —> peritubular capillaries —> vasa recta —> vein
2 parts of the nephron
- renal corpuscle
- renal tubule
Renal tubule
Filter fluid passes
Renal corpuscle
Filtration of plasma
Renal corpuscle parts
- glomerulus
- bowman’s capsule
Glomerulus
Capillary network
Consists of two layers
- visceral
- paritetal
Renal tubule consists of
- proximal convoluted tubule
- nephron loop ( loop of henle)
- distal convoluted tubule
Visceral layer of the glomerulus capsule
Epithelial cells
- podocytes
Parietal layer of the glomerulus capsule
Simple squamous epithelium
Podocytes
Modified simple squamous epithelial cells
Filtrations membrane layers
- endothelium of glomerulus
- basement membrane of glomerulus
- visceral layer of glomerular capsule
Endothelium of glomerulus
Fensteated, allowing filtration but preventing passage of larger material such as cells and platelets
Basement membrane of glomerulus
Porous; restricts the passageway of large proteins
Pendickes are separated by thin membrane covered
Filtration slips
Pendicles
Possession by pondicytes
- wrap around glomerular capillaries
Functions of nephrons
- glomerular filtration
- tubular reabsorption
- tubular secretion
Glomerular filtrations
- water and dissolved solutes move out of the glomerulus and into the capsular space of the renal corpuscle due to pressure
- once fluid leaves the plasma and enters the capsular space, it is called filtrate
Tubular reabsortion
- the movement of substances form the tubular fluid back into the blood
- most water and all needed solutes in the filtrate are reabsorbed
Tubular secretion
Solutes are actively transported out of the blood and into the tubular fluid (urine)
The urinary tract is composed of
- ureters
- urinary bladder
- urethra
Wall of the urethra has three layers
Mucosa
Muscularis
Adventitia
Mucosa
Transitional epithelium and lamina propina
- rugae
Muscularis
Inner longitudinal layer and outer circular layer of smooth muscle
- internal urtetral sphincter
- external urethral spinchter
Adventitia
Areolar connective tissue
- serous
Urethra female
- opening of the urethra is the external urethral orifce
- wall of urethra consists of deep mucosa and a superficial Muscularis
Urethra males
Divided into three regions
- prostrate urethra
- intermediate ( membranousate)
- spongy urethra
Prostatic urethra
Through prostate gland, transitions epithelial lining
Membranous urethra
Short segment through the urogenitical diaphragm
Spongy urethra
- long segment through erectile tissue of penis
Linger urethra in
Males
