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HLSC120: Human Anatomy > Chapter 26: Digestive System > Flashcards

Chapter 26: Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Purpose of the digestive system

A

Ingest, mixes, transports, and breaks down food mechanically and chemically; absorbs, digested nutrients and expels wastes

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2
Q

Purpose of food

A

Nutrients to the body —> synthesis
- enzymes
- growth
- cell division
- repair
- heat

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3
Q

GI or digestive tract consists of

A
  • oral cavity
  • pharynx
  • esophagus
  • stomach
  • small intestine
  • large intestine
  • anus
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4
Q

Accessory digestive organs

A
  • teeth
  • tongue
  • salivary glands
  • liver
  • gullbladder
  • pancreases
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5
Q

Ingestion

A

Eating ; food or liquid

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6
Q

Motility

A

Peristalsis and mixing
- the capability of smooth muscles to mix and move the food contents

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7
Q

Secretions

A

Acids, bile, mucus, digestive enzymes (7L/ day)

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8
Q

Digestion

A
  • mechanical and chemical
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9
Q

Absorption

A
  • nutrients, ions, and fluids
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10
Q

Elimination of wastes/ defecation

A

Removal of metabolic wastes

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11
Q

Six basic functions of the digestive system

A
  • ingestion
  • motility
  • secretion
  • digestion
  • absorption
  • elimination of wastes
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12
Q

Oral cavity

A
  • initial site of mechanical and chemical digestion
  • formed by lips, checks, hard palate, soft palate, and tongue
  • covered by mucous membranes
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13
Q

Vestibule

A
  • the space between the checks (lips) and the gums
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14
Q

Oral cavity proper

A
  • lies in the centre between the manifold and maxillae
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15
Q

Tongue

A
  • accessory organ composed of skeletal muscle covered with mucous membrane (stratified squamous epithelium)
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16
Q

Functions of the tongue

A
  • manipulation of the food
  • mixing with saliva
    • converting food into the bolts
  • assist in swallowing
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17
Q

Salivary glands

A
  • produce saliva (1-2.5 liters)
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18
Q

Saliva functions

A
  • listens ingested materials to become a slick bolus
  • moistens, cleansers, and lubricators the structures of the oral cavity
  • begins chemical digestion of charbohydrate with amylase
  • antibacterial action with lysozymes
  • dissolves food so taste receptors on the tongue can be stimulated
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19
Q

Paranoid glands

A

(25-30% saliva)
- parotid duct

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20
Q

Submandibular glands

A

60-70% saliva
-submandibular ducts

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21
Q

Sublingual glands

A

3-5% saliva
- lesser sublingual ducts

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22
Q

Innervation of salivary glands

A

Both sympathetic and parasympathetic

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23
Q

Salivary amylase

A
  • carbohydrates digestion enzyme in the oral cavity
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24
Q

Lingual Lipase

A
  • lipid/ fat digestion enzyme secreted by lingual glands
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25
Dentin
70% of hydroxyapalatite
26
Enamel
- calcium phosphate crystals
27
Pharynx
Naso Oro Larygo - deglutitiom / swallowing
28
Mesenteries
Are folds of peritoneum that support and stabilize intraperitoid GI tract organs
29
Peritoneum
Fold each other and other organs of the digestive tract
30
Greater omentum
- the longest peritoneal fold, extends from the greater curvature of the stomach to cover most of the digestive organs - fatty apron or “beer belly”
31
Lesser omentum
- connects the stomach and duodenum from the liver
32
Mesentery proper
- suspends most of the small intestine from the posterior abdominal wall
33
Mesocolon
- stretches part of the large intestine to the poster abdominal wall
34
Peritoneal ligaments
Are folds of the peritoneum that connects structures
35
Coronary ligament
Liver to diaphragm
36
Falciform ligament
Liver to abdominal wall
37
Lienorenal ligament
Spleen to kidney
38
The mucosa/ innermost lining of the GI tract is composed of
- epithelium - laminated propria - muscular is mucosa
39
Epithelium
- absorbs nutrients and contains enters enteroendocrine cells
40
Lamina propria
- areolar connective tissue, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels and contains mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT)
41
Muscularis mucosa
- smooth muscle fibers increase surface
42
Submucosa
- mesh work of collagenous fibres, nerves, and blood vessels - contains submucosal glands - highly vascular and contains the submucossl nerve plexus
43
Submucosal nerve plexus
Submucosa - a portion of the enteric nervous system (ENS) - plexus regulates movements of mucosa and vasoconstriction of the blood vessels - innervates secretory cells of mucosal glands
44
Muscularis
- consists of two types of smooth muscle: inner circular and an outer sheet of longitudinal fibres - contains myenteric nerve plexus
45
Myenteric nerve plexus
- controls GI tract motility (movements)
46
Serosa
- most superficial layer of the GI tract - a serous membrane composed or areolar connective tissue and simple sqoamous eptithium (mesothelium) - secrets serous fluid - epithelial portion is called viseral peritoneum
47
Stomach
I shaped, the size of a sausage, lies inferior to the diaphragm in the abdomens epigastric, umbilical and left hypochondriac region
48
Stomach functions
Digestion - mixes saliva and gastric juice to form chyme - serves as a reservoir for food before it is released into the small intestine - secretes gastric juice that contains HCL, pepsin, and instrinsic factors - secretes gastrin into the blood
49
The stomach connects
The esophagus to the duodenum
50
Digestions of … begins in the stomach
Proteins and triglycerides
51
Digestion of …. Signs in the mouth and continues in the stomach
Carbohydrates
52
What organ converts semisolid bolus to liquid chyme
Stomach
53
How much can the stomach accomidate
Up to 6.4 liters of liquid food
54
Pepsin
Protein digesting enzyme
55
Gastric lipase
Triglyceride digesting enzyme
56
Pancreatic Lila’s
Fat digesting enzyme
57
Four main regions of the stomach
- cardia - fundus - body - pyloric part
58
Cardia
Initial part of ghenstomach
59
Fundus
Food storage
60
Body
Food mixing
61
Pyloric part
Consists of three regions - pyloric antrum - pyloric canal - pylorus
62
Pyloric antrum
Connects the body of the stomach - food mixing
63
Pyloric canal
Lead to pylorus
64
Pylorus
Lead to duodenum
65
Rugae
Mucosal folds
66
Gastric gland contain three types of exocrine gland cells
- mucous neck cells - chief cells - parietal cells
67
Surface mucous cell
Secretes alkaline fluid containing mucin
68
Mucous neck cell
Secretes acidic fluid containing mucin
69
Parietal cell
Secretes intrinsic factor and hypochloric acid
70
Chief cells
Secretes pepsinogen and gastric lioase
71
Enteroendocrine cell
Secretes gastrin into the blood
72
What percentage of digestion is completed in the small intestine
99%
73
Intestinal juice
- clear, yellow fluid secreted in amount of 1/2 liters per day. - provides a vehicle for the absorption of substances from chyme
74
Three regions. Of the small intestine
- duodenum - jejenum - ileum
75
Goblet cells
Mucus
76
Mucosa
- lined with glands epithelium - enteroedocrine cells in the small intestinal glands and their secretions
77
Intestinal glands
Crypts of lieberkuhn - intestinal juice
78
Enteroendocrine cells in mucosa
- s cells - cck cells - k cells
79
S cells
Hormone secretion
80
Cck cells
Cholecystokinin
81
K cells
Glucose dependent insulinotrphic peptide (GIP)
82
Peyers patches
- groups of lymphatic aggregated lymphatic follicles - present in ileum
83
Duodenal (brunners) gland
- Submucosa - secretes alkaline mucous
84
Functions of the large intestine
Haustral churning: contraction and squeezing the contents into the next houstrum Peristalsis: slower wave of contraction Mass peristalsis: occurs between the transverse colon and stronger wave Final stage of digestion
85
Flatus
Methane gas’s, hydrogen, carbon dioxide (CHO)
86
What is responsible for fecal odour in protein digestion
Bacteria - indole, skatol, hydrogen sulphide
87
Bilirubin
Converted into stercoblin
88
Stercoblin
- fecal color - brown
89
The liver is divided into lobes by the
Falciform ligament
90
Hepatocytes
Function unit of the liver - continuously produces 800-1000 mL of bile per day
91
Functions of the liver
- produces and releases bile - detoxifies blood - store access nutrients absorbed by the GI tract - produces plasma proteins
92
Gullbladder is attached to
The inferior surface of the liver
93
Function of the gullbladder
- store and concentrate bile
94
The cystic duct connescts
The gullbladder to the common bile duct
95
Three regions of the gullbladder
- neck - fundus - body
96
What preforms endocrine functions
Pancreatic islets
97
What preforms exocrine functions
Acinar cells secrete pancreatic juices into the duodenum via the main pancreatic duct

HLSC120: Human Anatomy (16 decks)

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