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HLSC120: Human Anatomy > Chapter 14: Nervous Tissue > Flashcards

Chapter 14: Nervous Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Neurology

A

A study of the normal functioning and disorders of the nervous system

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2
Q

The human nervous system consists of:

A

-The brain and cranial nerves
-spinal cord and spinal nerves
- ganglia
-enteric plexuses and sensory receptor

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3
Q

Nerve

A

Bundle of axons

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4
Q

Ganglia

A

Swelling/knot
- are masses of nervous tissue (cell neuron bodies) outside the brain and spinal cord

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5
Q

Enteric plexuses

A

Are networks of neurons located in the walls of the GI tract organs; help regulate digestive system activities
- “Brian of the gut”

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6
Q

What are Sensory Receptors

A

Are specialized nerve endings

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7
Q

The CNS consists of the

A

Brian and spinal cord

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8
Q

PNS

A

Cranial nerves (12)
Spinal nerves (31)

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9
Q

Functions of motor and sensory neurons

A
  • collect information: receptors detect changes in environment and goes to CNS
  • process and evaluate information: CNS determines required response
  • initiate response: initiates impulses that PNS Carrie’s to effectors
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10
Q

Somatic sensory nervous system

A

Conscious
Touch, pain, pressure, vibration, proprioceptiom

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11
Q

Visceral sensory nervous system

A

Generally Unconscious of
Impulses form blood vessels and viscera

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12
Q

Somatic Motor Nervous system

A

Voluntary
Conducts impulses that cause the contraction of skeletal muscles

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13
Q

Autonomic Motor nervous system

A

Involuntary
Conducts impulses that regulate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

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14
Q

Sensory receptors function

A
  • Detect stimuli in the internal and external environments
  • transmitted by affrent neurons to the brain and spinal cord
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15
Q

Interneurons

A
  • Analyze information and provide perception
  • stores some of it
  • makes decisions regarding appropriate behaviour
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16
Q

Motor neurons

A
  • efferent
  • respond to integration decisions by initiating effectors ( including muscle fibres and gland at cells)
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17
Q

Somatic sensory neurons

A

Convey information from sensory receptors in the skin, skeletal muscles, joints, and for special senses ( vision, hearing, taste, smell) to the CNS

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18
Q

Somatic Motor Neurons

A

Convey information from the CNS to skeletal muscles only
- output of information that results in muscular contraction

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19
Q

Autonomic sensory neurons

A

(visceral)
- conveys information mainly from visceral organs( smooth muscle, organs in the thorax, abdomen, and pelvis) to the CNS

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20
Q

Autonomic Motor Neurons

A

Convey information from the CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

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21
Q

Branches of Autonomic Nervous system

A
  • sympathetic
  • parasympathetic
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22
Q

Sympathetic neurons

A

Fight or flight
- increase heart rate
Support excessive or emergency action

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23
Q

Parasympathetic Neurons

A

Rest and digest
- slow it down
- “ takes care of” activities

24
Q

ENS sensory neurons

A
  • monitors chemical changes within the GI tract and the stretching of the walls
25
ENS Motor Neurons
- govern contraction of the GI tract smooth muscle and secretions of acid from the stomach, and endocrine cells.
26
Nervous tissue
Vascular Compromised of two cells - neurons - neuroglia
27
Neurons
- highly specialized - cannot go under meotic division - electrically excitable: initiate, transmit, and receive nerve impulses
28
Glial Cells
- non excitable - Support, nourish, protects neurons, and maintains interstitial fluid - Continue to divide Found in both the CNS and PNS ** tumours are more likely to be deprived from glial cells then a neurons
29
Neuron Special Characteristics
- high metabolic rate - extreme longevity - nonmiotic - excitable - conductive
30
Neuron structure
Contain: - cell body (soma) - nucleus and nucleolus - Chromatophilic substance - Dendrites - Axon - mitochondria
31
Chromatophilic Substance
Free ribosomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum
32
Dendrites
Receive signals and transfer them to the cell body
33
Axon
Transmit nerve impulses away from the cell body and towards other cells
34
Region where axon connects to the cell body
Hillock
35
Axon collaterals
Side branches of the main axon
36
Terminal arborizations
Extensions at the end of the axon
37
Synaptic knobs
Expanded regions at the tip of the axon
38
Perikaryon
Cytoplasm within the cell body
39
Neurofilaments
Intermediate filaments that form neurofibrils, which help support cell extensions
40
Cell bodies
Protein synthesis
41
Dendrite
Recovering / input zone
42
Axon
Output zone
43
Examples of neurotransmitters
- acetylcholine - aspartame - glycine - dopamine - endorphins - glutamate - GABA - norepinephrine - seratonin - nitric oxide
44
Neuron classification
Depends on a number of processes extending from the cell body Include: - unipolar - bipolar - multipolar
45
Unipolar
- single, short process branches like a T from the cell body - the process is an axon with peripheral and central process
46
Bipolar
- two process, one dendrite and one axon
47
Multipolar
- many dendrites and a single axon - most common type of neuron
48
Glial cells of the CNS
- astrocytes - oligodendrocytes - microglia - ependymal cells
49
Glial Cells: PNS
- Schwann cells - satellite cells
50
Astrocytes
- processes of astrocytes make contact with blood capillaries, neurons, and the Pina mater Two types: - photoplasnic ( grey matter) - fibrous (white matter)
51
Functions of astrocytes
- help form the BB - regulate tissue fluid composition - form a structural network - replace damaged neurons - assist neuronal development - help regulate synaptic transmission - change synapse numbers
52
Ependymal cells
- collated cuboidal epithelial cells - line the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord - help produce cerebral spinal fluid Help form choroid plexus
53
Microglia
- originate in the red bone marrow and migrate to the CNS as it developed - function and phagocytes: remove cellular debris, microbes, and damaged nervous tissue
54
Oligodendrocytes
- only CNS - wrap themselves around the axons - produce myelin (insulator of electrical activity)
55
Satellite cells
- surround cell bodies of neurons of 5e PNS - regulate fluid around neuron cell bodies in the PNS
56
Neurolemmocytes / Schwann cells
- encircle axons in the PNS and for the myelin sheath - participate in axon regeneration

HLSC120: Human Anatomy (16 decks)

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