Chapter 20.1

Question 1

What are prokaryotes?

Answer 1

Single-celled organisms that do not have a nucleus, or membrane bound organelles

Question 2

What are the three shapes of bacteria?

Answer 2

Rod-bacillus, Sphere-coccus, and Spiral-spirillum

Question 3

What are the two types of prokaryotes?

Answer 3

Archaea and Bacteria

Question 4

Where are archaea found and what are three types?

Answer 4

Extreme environments, thermoacidophiles, methanogens and halophiles

Question 5

Are archaea similar to bacteria?

Answer 5

No, some are more similar to eukaryotes

Question 6

What is the domain of most known prokaryotes?

Answer 6

Bacteria

Question 7

What are two examples of bacteria?

Answer 7

E. Coli and Clostridium Botulinum

Question 8

What is the single chromosome of bacterial DNA?

Answer 8

A nucleoid

Question 9

What is a small, extra loop of bacterial DNA?

Answer 9

Plasmid

Question 10

What two things make up bacteria other than DNA?

Answer 10

Ribosomes and enzymes

Question 11

What are the pockets of stored nutrients bacteria form?

Answer 11

Granules

Question 12

What are the cell membranes of bacteria called?

Answer 12

Lipid bilayers

Question 13

Do bacteria have cell walls, and if so how many layers are they?

Answer 13

Yes, one to two

Question 14

What is the cell wall of bacteria made of?

Answer 14

Peptidogylcan

Question 15

What technique allows biologists to group bacteria into two groups?

Answer 15

Gram staining

Question 16

What are the factors that determine gram-positive bacteria?

Answer 16

A large amount of peptidoglycan due to their thick cell walls and no outer membrane. They show up as purple in the gram stain which covers up the pink. Their outer layer is arranged as inner cell membrane->thick cell wall.

Question 17

What are the factors that determine gram-negative bacteria?

Answer 17

A small amount of peptidoglycan due to their thin cell walls and outer membrane layer. They show up as pink in the gram stain. Their outer layer is arranged as inner cell membrane->thin cell wall->outer cell membrane. They are also more resistant to antibiotics.

Question 18

What are the three types of bacteria based on how they get food and nutrients?

Answer 18

Photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs, and heterotrophs

Question 19

What defines a photoautotroph and what are three examples?

Answer 19

They get their energy from sunlight through photosynthesis. Purple sulfur, green sulfur and cyanobacteria.

Question 20

What do cyanobacteria produce as a byproduct?

Answer 20

Oxygen

Question 21

What defines a chemoautotroph?

Answer 21

They use molecules that contain sulfur or nitrogen and simple organic molecules to obtain energy.

Question 22

What is the name for how most bacteria get their food?

Answer 22

Heterotrophs -get their energy from other organisms.

Question 23

What is the name for a bacteria that gets its food from dead organisms?

Answer 23

Saprobe

Question 24

What is binary fission, how common is it, and are there mutations?

Answer 24

Mitosis-2 identical new cells, most common, yes

Question 25

What are the three ways bacteria can form new genetic combinations?

Answer 25

Conjugation, transformation, and transduction

Question 26

What is conjugation?

Answer 26

When two bacteria share genetic material by sharing a plasmid

Question 27

What is transformation?

Answer 27

When bacteria take up DNA fragments from their environment

Question 28

What is transduction?

Answer 28

When genetic material (like a plasmid) is transferred by a virus into a bacteria. They often convey antibiotics resistance.

Question 29

What are thick-walled structures that help bacteria survive harsh conditions, where are they and how tough are they?

Answer 29

Endospores, surround the DNA and a small bit of cytoplasm, they can survive boiling, radiation, and acid and can be revived after hundreds of years.