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CPHN > Chapter 2: NLS - Infancy-Lactation > Flashcards

Chapter 2: NLS - Infancy-Lactation Flashcards

1
Q

Increase in number of cells through cell division. It is reversible when the stimulus is removed.

A

Hyperplasia

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2
Q

Simultaneous cell division and cell enlargement.

A

Cell proliferation

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3
Q

Cell enlargement

A

Hypertrophy

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4
Q

Changes in structure and function begin in the head, proceed toward the body, then downward the legs

A

Cephalocaudal

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5
Q

Starts in the central axis and progresses toward the extremities

A

Proximodistal

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6
Q

The first rapid growth spurt occurs; growth rate tapers off in the second half of the year

At 5 months, an infant will have doubled birth weight and at 1 year may have tripled it.

A

Infancy

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7
Q

Growth rate slows and become erratic

For some, there are plateaus, and at others, small growth spurts occur.

A

Childhood (preschool and school age)

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8
Q

The second rapid growth spurt occur

Body undergoes enormous physical changes of puberty

Hormonal influences bring multiple body changes

A

Adolescence

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9
Q

Final phase of the normal life cycle

Growth levels iff in the adult plateau and gradually declines during senescence

A

Adulthood

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10
Q

A decapeptide chain of 10 amino acid targeted for the anterior pituitary gland

A

Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH)

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11
Q

Source of Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone

A

Hypothalamus

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12
Q

Both are small glycoproteins

A

Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) and Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

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13
Q

Source of Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone and Follicle Stimulating Hormone

A

Anterior Pituitary Gland

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14
Q

These are steroids synthesized from cholesterol and acetyl coenzyme A and they are transported in the blood loosely bound with the plasma albumin or specific binding globulins.

A

Estrogen and Progesterone

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15
Q

Source of Estrogen and Progesterone

A

Ovaries

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16
Q

Absence of menstrual periods caused by lack of nutritional support. It is a distinct sign of malnutrition in women

A

Amenorrhea

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17
Q

It declines toward the end of a woman’s reproductive life

A

Estrogen secretion

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18
Q

Puberty age range for female

A

11-15 years old

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19
Q

Menopausal age range

A

45-55 years old

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20
Q

It is a complex highly specialized metabolic organ.

An oval, spongy structure

A

Placenta

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21
Q

Size of the placenta

A

15-17 cm in diameter

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22
Q

Weight of the placenta

A

450 g

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23
Q

Hormone produced by the placenta during the second half of pregnancy that stimulates the metabolism of glucose

A

Placental lactogen

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24
Q

Hormone produced by the chorionic villi of the placenta that stimulates the production of estrogen and progesterone.

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin

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25
Q

Nervous system and epidermis

A

Ectoderm

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26
Q

Lining of the GI tract and liver, pancreas, and thyroid

A

Endoderm

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27
Q

Skeleton, connective tissues, vascular and urogenital systems, dermis, and skeletal and smooth muscles

A

Mesoderm

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28
Q

The week when the body begins to take form and can be identified as human

A

7th week (1 and a half month)

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29
Q

Fetal portion of the placenta

A

Chorion

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30
Q

Projections

A

Chorionic villi

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31
Q

Hollow spaces filled with blood from the endometrial arteries and veins; these spaces join and form a labyrinth of channels and columns lined with the highly selected functional trophoblast cells

A

Lacunae

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32
Q

Serve as the depot of transfer

A

Intervillous spaces

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33
Q

Agents of transfer

A

Chorionic villi

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34
Q

Occurs after sexual intercourse no more than 72 hours before ovulation but not later than 24 hours after

A

Fertilization

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35
Q

Number of hours for the sperm to complete the journey up to the female duct system to the end of the uterine tubes

A

1-2hrs

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36
Q

Occurs during the first 2 weeks or 14 days of gestation, the fertilized ovum becomes embedded in the wall of the uterus

A

Implantation

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37
Q

Differentiation of major organs and tissues

A

Organogenesis

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38
Q

Strong predictor of health and development of the infant.

A

Infant birth weight

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39
Q

Weight gain pattern for underweight and normal weight women

A

Less than 0.5 lb (0.25 kg) per week in the second half of pregnancy

Less than 0.75 lb (0.37 kg) per week in the third trimester of pregnancy

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40
Q

Weight gain pattern for overweight and obese women

A

Less than 0.5 lb (0.25 kg) per week in the third trimester of pregnancy

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41
Q

Third trimester weight gains

A

Exceeds 1.5 lb (0.7 kg)

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42
Q

Highest around mid-pregnancy prior to the time the fetus gains most of its weight

A

Rate of weight gain

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43
Q

Vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy for the mother

A

Osteomalacia

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44
Q

Vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy for the infant

A

Rickets

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45
Q

Folate deficiency during pregnancy

A

Placental and fetal abnormalities

NTDs

46
Q

Iodine deficiency during pregnancy

A

Cretinism

47
Q

Zinc deficiency during pregnancy

A

LBW

48
Q

Vitamin D stimulates the absorption of?

A

Calcium

49
Q

What vitamin stimulates Iron absorption?

A

Vitamin C

50
Q

Participates in the activation of Vitamin D and in the release of the parathyroid hormone that acts on the kidneys and bones to raise blood calcium

A

Magnesium

51
Q

What is Hyperemesis gravidarum

A

Intractable vomiting during pregnancy

52
Q

During pregnancy, when is the best time to take iron supplementation?

A

An hour before a meal or 2 hours after a meal

With liquids such as: water or orange juice

Never drink with milk and coffee

53
Q

What is the recommended weight gain for individuals with an underweight pre-pregnancy BMI?

A

28 - 40 lb (12.7 - 18.2 kg)

54
Q

What is the recommended weight gain for individuals with an normal weight pre-pregnancy BMI?

A

25 - 35 lb (11.4 - 15.9 kg)

55
Q

What is the recommended weight gain for individuals with an overweight pre-pregnancy BMI?

A

15 - 25 lb (6.8 - 11.4 kg)

56
Q

What is the recommended weight gain for individuals with an obese pre-pregnancy BMI?

A

11 - 20 lb (5.0 kg - 9.1 kg)

57
Q

What is the recommended weight gain for those with twin pregnancy?

A

25 - 54 lb (11.4 - 24.5 kg)

58
Q

The pregnant woman loses weight after pregnancy; in the following weeks, she loses more as her _____ returns to normal and she sheds _____

A

blood volume; accumulated fluids

59
Q

Second trimester (week #)

A

Week 13 - to week 26

60
Q

Third trimester (week #)

A

Week 27 to the end of pregnancy

61
Q

First trimester of pregnancy

A

Week 0 to week 13

62
Q

Age at risk for pregnancy

A

15 years old or younger

35 years old or older

63
Q

Do not use this drug during the last 3 months of pregnancy because it may present problems in the unborn child or excessive bleeding during delivery

A

Aspirin

64
Q

This drug is used by pregnant women for severe acne can cause abortion of malformed infants

A

Accutane

65
Q

Use of this drug leads to higher incidence of meconium staining, poor prenatal weight gain, very short or prolonged labor, operative delivery, and other perinatal problems.

A

Marijuana

66
Q

The intake of this psychotropic drug leads to increases risk of Epstein’s anomaly, goiter, diabetes insipidus, neonatal toxic disturbances (cyanosis, hypothermia, and bradycardia)

A

Lithium

67
Q

A rate of cardiovascular abnormality

A

Epstein’s anomaly

68
Q

This drug is associated with an abnormal fetal heart rate

A

Diazepam

69
Q

Medication effect on the fetus is pulmonary hypertension and neonatal bleeding

A

Salicylates (large doses)

70
Q

Medication effect on the fetus is renal failure

A

Acetaminophen

71
Q

Medication effect on the fetus is growth retardation and mental retardation

A

Anticonvulsants

72
Q

Medication effect on the fetus is masculinization and advanced bone age

A

Oral progestogens, androgens, and estrogens

73
Q

Medication effect on the fetus is inhibition of bone growth and discoloration of teeth

A

Tetracyclines

74
Q

Illicit drug effect on the fetus is short-term irritability at birth

A

Marijuana

75
Q

Illicit drug effect on the fetus is drug addition and acute narcotic withdrawal symptoms (tremors, excessive, high-pitch crying, and disturbed sleep), LBW

A

Heroine and methadone

76
Q

Illicit drug effect on the fetus is placental abruption and spontaneous abortion, uncontrolled jerking motion, paralysis, depressed interactive behavior, poor organizational response to environmental stimuli

A

Cocaine

77
Q

Illicit drug effect on the fetus is facial malformations, tremors, LBW

A

Phencyclidine

78
Q

Total cost of a single pregnancy in iron stores (mg); and how much is used by the infant?

A

500 - 800 mg

300 mg is used by the fetus

79
Q

Caused by blood loss during the puerperium period of confinement after labor than during gestation

A

Hemorrhagic anemia

80
Q

Results from folic acid deficiency; symptoms include intensified nausea, vomiting, and anorexia

A

Megaloblastic anemia

81
Q

A disease of malnutrition related to diets poor in protein, calories, calcium, and salt; a metabolic disturbance that occurs in the third trimester

A

Pregnancy-induced hypertension

82
Q

Services for pregnant women in the Philippines (PIIRS)

A

Prenatal care
Iron/folic acid supplementation
Immunization
Reproductive health
Salt iodization

83
Q

Establishment of sustainable, cost-effective approach of delivering health services that ensure access of disadvantaged women to acceptable and high quality maternal and newborn health services. and to enable them to safely give birth in health facilities

A

Safe motherhood program

84
Q

The period of production of milk by the mother’s mammary glands to feed the baby; an automatic physiologic process; a natural extension of pregnancy

A

Lactation

85
Q

A learned behavior that most successful in a supportive environment

A

Breastfeeding

86
Q

Process of milk synthesis and secretion of the mammary gland

A

Lactogenesis

87
Q

Are highly specialized secretory glands composed of glandular tissues, connective tissues, and fat

A

Female breast or mammary glands

88
Q

Milk producing cells

A

Glandular epithelium

89
Q

During the first 2 to 3 days postpartum, a small amount of _____ is secreted

A

Colostrum

90
Q

Involves both the synthesis of milk components and the passage into the ducts

A

Secretion of milk

91
Q

Milk passes along the duct system

A

Propulsion or ejection

92
Q

This hormone acts on alveolar cells, promotes continual production and release, stimulates milk production, and inhibits, olvulation

A

Prolactin

93
Q

Stimulates milk ejection and promotes uterine contraction

A

Oxytocin

94
Q

Inhibits milk production

A

Estrogen

95
Q

Initiation of lactation

A

Growth hormone and chorionic somatomammotropin

96
Q

Continuation of lactation (3)

A

ACTH, thyroxine, thyrotropin-releasing hormone

97
Q

Milk secretion reflex

A

Prolactin reflex

98
Q

Process of streams of milk flowing out of the nipple

A

Let-down reflex

99
Q

Human milk consists of?

A

Protein, sugar, and salts

100
Q

Colostrum volume (mL)

A

2 - 10 mL

101
Q

Colostrum kcal

A

67 kcal/mL

102
Q

Mature milk kcal

A

75 kcal/mL

103
Q

Has higher CHON, sugar, and fat

A

Colostrum

104
Q

Incomplete closure of the spinal cord and its bony ecasement

A

Spina bifida

105
Q

Small head

A

Microcephaly

106
Q

Water on the brain

A

Hydrocephalus

107
Q

An infant is considered premature if he/she is born fewer than _____ days of gestation or weight less than _____ g

A

270 days; 2500 g (5.5 lbs)

108
Q

Prematurity as a cause of LBW is more often a problem with multiple births or when mothers gain too little (_____) or too much (_____)

A

16 lbs or 7 kg; 30 lbs or 14 kg

109
Q

food contaminants - heavy metals

associated w/ abortion

A

lead toxicity

110
Q

food contaminants - heavy metals

can cause brain damage

A

mercury toxicity

CPHN (22 decks)

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