Chapter 2: NLS - Infancy-Lactation Flashcards by isabelle

Increase in number of cells through cell division. It is reversible when the stimulus is removed.

Hyperplasia

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Simultaneous cell division and cell enlargement.

Cell proliferation

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Cell enlargement

Hypertrophy

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Changes in structure and function begin in the head, proceed toward the body, then downward the legs

Cephalocaudal

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Starts in the central axis and progresses toward the extremities

Proximodistal

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The first rapid growth spurt occurs; growth rate tapers off in the second half of the year

At 5 months, an infant will have doubled birth weight and at 1 year may have tripled it.

Infancy

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Growth rate slows and become erratic

For some, there are plateaus, and at others, small growth spurts occur.

Childhood (preschool and school age)

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The second rapid growth spurt occur

Body undergoes enormous physical changes of puberty

Hormonal influences bring multiple body changes

Adolescence

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Final phase of the normal life cycle

Growth levels iff in the adult plateau and gradually declines during senescence

Adulthood

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A decapeptide chain of 10 amino acid targeted for the anterior pituitary gland

Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH)

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Source of Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone

Hypothalamus

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Both are small glycoproteins

Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) and Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

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Source of Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone and Follicle Stimulating Hormone

Anterior Pituitary Gland

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These are steroids synthesized from cholesterol and acetyl coenzyme A and they are transported in the blood loosely bound with the plasma albumin or specific binding globulins.

Estrogen and Progesterone

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Source of Estrogen and Progesterone

Ovaries

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Absence of menstrual periods caused by lack of nutritional support. It is a distinct sign of malnutrition in women

Amenorrhea

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It declines toward the end of a woman’s reproductive life

Estrogen secretion

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Puberty age range for female

11-15 years old

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Menopausal age range

45-55 years old

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It is a complex highly specialized metabolic organ.

An oval, spongy structure

Placenta

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Size of the placenta

15-17 cm in diameter

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Weight of the placenta

450 g

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Hormone produced by the placenta during the second half of pregnancy that stimulates the metabolism of glucose

Placental lactogen

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Hormone produced by the chorionic villi of the placenta that stimulates the production of estrogen and progesterone.

Human chorionic gonadotropin

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Nervous system and epidermis

Ectoderm

Lining of the GI tract and liver, pancreas, and thyroid

Endoderm

Skeleton, connective tissues, vascular and urogenital systems, dermis, and skeletal and smooth muscles

Mesoderm

The week when the body begins to take form and can be identified as human

7th week (1 and a half month)

Fetal portion of the placenta

Chorion

Projections

Chorionic villi

Hollow spaces filled with blood from the endometrial arteries and veins; these spaces join and form a labyrinth of channels and columns lined with the highly selected functional trophoblast cells

Lacunae

Serve as the depot of transfer

Intervillous spaces

Agents of transfer

Chorionic villi

Occurs after sexual intercourse no more than 72 hours before ovulation but not later than 24 hours after

Fertilization

Number of hours for the sperm to complete the journey up to the female duct system to the end of the uterine tubes

1-2hrs

Occurs during the first 2 weeks or 14 days of gestation, the fertilized ovum becomes embedded in the wall of the uterus

Implantation

Differentiation of major organs and tissues

Organogenesis

Strong predictor of health and development of the infant.

Infant birth weight

Weight gain pattern for underweight and normal weight women

Less than 0.5 lb (0.25 kg) per week in the second half of pregnancy Less than 0.75 lb (0.37 kg) per week in the third trimester of pregnancy

Weight gain pattern for overweight and obese women

Less than 0.5 lb (0.25 kg) per week in the third trimester of pregnancy

Third trimester weight gains

Exceeds 1.5 lb (0.7 kg)

Highest around mid-pregnancy prior to the time the fetus gains most of its weight

Rate of weight gain

Vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy for the mother

Osteomalacia

Vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy for the infant

Rickets

Folate deficiency during pregnancy

Placental and fetal abnormalities NTDs

Iodine deficiency during pregnancy

Cretinism

Zinc deficiency during pregnancy

LBW

Vitamin D stimulates the absorption of?

Calcium

What vitamin stimulates Iron absorption?

Vitamin C

Participates in the activation of Vitamin D and in the release of the parathyroid hormone that acts on the kidneys and bones to raise blood calcium

Magnesium

What is Hyperemesis gravidarum

Intractable vomiting during pregnancy

During pregnancy, when is the best time to take iron supplementation?

An hour before a meal or 2 hours after a meal With liquids such as: water or orange juice Never drink with milk and coffee

What is the recommended weight gain for individuals with an underweight pre-pregnancy BMI?

28 - 40 lb (12.7 - 18.2 kg)

What is the recommended weight gain for individuals with an normal weight pre-pregnancy BMI?

25 - 35 lb (11.4 - 15.9 kg)

What is the recommended weight gain for individuals with an overweight pre-pregnancy BMI?

15 - 25 lb (6.8 - 11.4 kg)

What is the recommended weight gain for individuals with an obese pre-pregnancy BMI?

11 - 20 lb (5.0 kg - 9.1 kg)

What is the recommended weight gain for those with twin pregnancy?

25 - 54 lb (11.4 - 24.5 kg)

The pregnant woman loses weight after pregnancy; in the following weeks, she loses more as her _____ returns to normal and she sheds _____

blood volume; accumulated fluids

Second trimester (week #)

Week 13 - to week 26

Third trimester (week #)

Week 27 to the end of pregnancy

First trimester of pregnancy

Week 0 to week 13

Age at risk for pregnancy

15 years old or younger 35 years old or older

Do not use this drug during the last 3 months of pregnancy because it may present problems in the unborn child or excessive bleeding during delivery

Aspirin

This drug is used by pregnant women for severe acne can cause abortion of malformed infants

Accutane

Use of this drug leads to higher incidence of meconium staining, poor prenatal weight gain, very short or prolonged labor, operative delivery, and other perinatal problems.

Marijuana

The intake of this psychotropic drug leads to increases risk of Epstein's anomaly, goiter, diabetes insipidus, neonatal toxic disturbances (cyanosis, hypothermia, and bradycardia)

Lithium

A rate of cardiovascular abnormality

Epstein's anomaly

This drug is associated with an abnormal fetal heart rate

Diazepam

Medication effect on the fetus is pulmonary hypertension and neonatal bleeding

Salicylates (large doses)

Medication effect on the fetus is renal failure

Acetaminophen

Medication effect on the fetus is growth retardation and mental retardation

Anticonvulsants

Medication effect on the fetus is masculinization and advanced bone age

Oral progestogens, androgens, and estrogens

Medication effect on the fetus is inhibition of bone growth and discoloration of teeth

Tetracyclines

Illicit drug effect on the fetus is short-term irritability at birth

Marijuana

Illicit drug effect on the fetus is drug addition and acute narcotic withdrawal symptoms (tremors, excessive, high-pitch crying, and disturbed sleep), LBW

Heroine and methadone

Illicit drug effect on the fetus is placental abruption and spontaneous abortion, uncontrolled jerking motion, paralysis, depressed interactive behavior, poor organizational response to environmental stimuli

Cocaine

Illicit drug effect on the fetus is facial malformations, tremors, LBW

Phencyclidine

Total cost of a single pregnancy in iron stores (mg); and how much is used by the infant?

500 - 800 mg 300 mg is used by the fetus

Caused by blood loss during the puerperium period of confinement after labor than during gestation

Hemorrhagic anemia

Results from folic acid deficiency; symptoms include intensified nausea, vomiting, and anorexia

Megaloblastic anemia

A disease of malnutrition related to diets poor in protein, calories, calcium, and salt; a metabolic disturbance that occurs in the third trimester

Pregnancy-induced hypertension

Services for pregnant women in the Philippines (PIIRS)

Prenatal care Iron/folic acid supplementation Immunization Reproductive health Salt iodization

Establishment of sustainable, cost-effective approach of delivering health services that ensure access of disadvantaged women to acceptable and high quality maternal and newborn health services. and to enable them to safely give birth in health facilities

Safe motherhood program

The period of production of milk by the mother's mammary glands to feed the baby; an automatic physiologic process; a natural extension of pregnancy

Lactation

A learned behavior that most successful in a supportive environment

Breastfeeding

Process of milk synthesis and secretion of the mammary gland

Lactogenesis

Are highly specialized secretory glands composed of glandular tissues, connective tissues, and fat

Female breast or mammary glands

Milk producing cells

Glandular epithelium

During the first 2 to 3 days postpartum, a small amount of _____ is secreted

Colostrum

Involves both the synthesis of milk components and the passage into the ducts

Secretion of milk

Milk passes along the duct system

Propulsion or ejection

This hormone acts on alveolar cells, promotes continual production and release, stimulates milk production, and inhibits, olvulation

Prolactin

Stimulates milk ejection and promotes uterine contraction

Oxytocin

Inhibits milk production

Estrogen

Initiation of lactation

Growth hormone and chorionic somatomammotropin

Continuation of lactation (3)

ACTH, thyroxine, thyrotropin-releasing hormone

Milk secretion reflex

Prolactin reflex

Process of streams of milk flowing out of the nipple

Let-down reflex

Human milk consists of?

Protein, sugar, and salts

Colostrum volume (mL)

2 - 10 mL

Colostrum kcal

67 kcal/mL

Mature milk kcal

75 kcal/mL

Has higher CHON, sugar, and fat

Colostrum

Incomplete closure of the spinal cord and its bony ecasement

Spina bifida

Small head

Microcephaly

Water on the brain

Hydrocephalus

An infant is considered premature if he/she is born fewer than _____ days of gestation or weight less than _____ g

270 days; 2500 g (5.5 lbs)

Prematurity as a cause of LBW is more often a problem with multiple births or when mothers gain too little (_____) or too much (_____)

16 lbs or 7 kg; 30 lbs or 14 kg

food contaminants - heavy metals associated w/ abortion

lead toxicity

food contaminants - heavy metals can cause brain damage

mercury toxicity