Chapter 2: NLS - Elderly

Question 1

branch of medicine concerned with health problems of the elderly

Answer 1

geriatrics

Question 2

broad branch of science dealing with the psychological, sociological, economic, physiological, and medical aspects of aging

Answer 2

gerontology

Question 3

the branch of science concerning the study of the physiological and medical aspects of aging

Answer 3

biogerontology

Question 4

is the age of an individual on the numbers of years lived

Answer 4

chronologic age

Question 5

the relative age of a person based on physiologic capacity and measurement

Answer 5

biologic age

Question 6

the average remaining years a person of a given age, sex, and race may expect to live based on statistical population averages

Answer 6

life expectancy

Question 7

is a normal process or condition of growing old

Answer 7

senescence

Question 8

young adult age

Answer 8

65-74 y/o

Question 9

old-old age

Answer 9

75-84 y/o

Question 10

oldest age

Answer 10

> 85 y/o

Question 11

psychosocial development (60 - >80 y/o) core conflict

Answer 11

ego vs despair

Question 12

refers to the time-dependent biologic and physiologic changes that begin at 30 y/o and are degenerative in their effect

Answer 12

aging

Question 13

determine the age to which people survive

Answer 13

genetics

Question 14

determines the timing and the rate of aging

Answer 14

environment

Question 15

theories of aging

loss of cell function is attributed to the accumulation of waste or defective parts in cells

Answer 15

clinker theory

Question 16

theories of aging

attributes aging to the chemical and mechanical exhaustion of the cells

Answer 16

wear-and-tear theory

Question 17

theories of aging

somatic (growing or dividing) cells are inactivated or defective as a result of errors in DNA replication

Answer 17

somatic mutation theory

Question 18

theories of aging

errors in DNA or RNA replication result in the death of the cell or the production of foreign proteins that limit cell function

Answer 18

genetic theory

Question 19

theories of aging

antibodies that usually attack only bacteria and foreign cells start to attack and destroy normal body cells

Answer 19

autoimmune theory

Question 20

theories of aging

collagen molecules are immobilized through cross-linking by free radicals produced by many biochemical reactions and by the effect of ozone from the atmosphere

Answer 20

cross-linkage theory

Question 21

theories of aging

oxidation of lipid in the cell membrane destroys its integrity and leads either to destruction of the cell or to the accumulation of lipofuscin (oxidized lipoproteins) granules in the cell

Answer 21

lipid peroxidation theory

Question 22

one of the changes observed with increasing age

Answer 22

diabetes - alteration in glucose metabolism

Question 23

occurs more frequently in adults over 45 y/o, as mean blood pressure level rise with age

Answer 23

hypertension

Question 24

may result from the interplay of the degenerative changes that occur particularly in the CVD system

cig. smoking, obesity, HPN, and T2DM increase the risk

Answer 24

coronary heart disease and atherosclerosis

Question 25

characterized by feelings of fatigue, anxiety, and sleeplessness

may result from iron inadequacy which may be due to low intake and impaired absorption of heme iron and/or vitamin c

Answer 25

anemia

Question 26

high phytate content of a food reduces the absorption of

Answer 26

iron and zinc

Question 27

drinking excessive amounts of tea increases the need for

Answer 27

thiamin b1

Question 28

drug-related malnutrition

cause zinc depletion that result to loss of sense of taste and appetite

Answer 28

penicillamine

Question 29

drug-related malnutrition

may irritate the GIT wall and cause bleeding

Answer 29

analgesic and aspirin

Question 30

the general decline in immune function is a result of a decline in the ability of the _____ to produce special disease-fighting cells

Answer 30

thymus gland

Question 31

age-related thickenings in the lenses of the eye that impair vision

may lead to blindness if not surgically removed

Answer 31

cataract

Question 32

occur in well-nourished individuals as a result of ultraviolet light exposure, oxidative damage, injury, viral infections, toxic substances, and genetic disorders

Answer 32

cataract

Question 33

swelling of the joints

Answer 33

osteoarthritis

Question 34

during movement, the ends of the bones are normally protected by wear from cartilage and by small sacs of fluid that act as a lubricant

with age, bone disintegrate, and joints become malformed and painful to move

Answer 34

arthritis

Question 35

the clinical syndrome associated with the absolute decrease in bone mineral and bone matrix

Answer 35

osteoporosis

Question 36

results in bone pain, spinal deformity, and bone fractures

Answer 36

osteoporosis

Question 37

adult’s rickets is aka

Answer 37

osteomalacia

Question 38

osteomalacia is aka

Answer 38

adult’s rickets

Question 39

or adult’s rickets is caused by vitamin D deficiency and low calcium absorption

Answer 39

osteomalacia

Question 40

bone density is decreased because of poor mineralization of the available protein matrix

Answer 40

osteomalacia

Question 41

hormones (estrogen and parathyroid hormone), inactivity or immobility, and dietary and metabolic aspects of calcium, phosphorus, protein, fluorine, and vitamins a and d

Answer 41

osteoporosis

Question 42

nut-drug interaction

alters/suppress appetite

Answer 42

aphetamines

Question 43

nut-drug interaction

interferes with taste or smell, changes taste sensations

Answer 43

methotrexate

Question 44

nut-drug interaction

induce nausea or vomiting

Answer 44

digitalis

Question 45

nut-drug interaction

irritates the GIT, induces mucosal ulcers

Answer 45

cyclophosphamide

Question 46

nut-drug interaction

causes sores or inflammation of the mouth

Answer 46

methotrexate

Question 47

drugs alter nutrient absorption

can improve fat absorption

Answer 47

cimetidine

Question 48

drugs alter nutrient absorption

alters motility of the digestive tract

speed motility, cause malabsorption of many nutrients

Answer 48

laxatives

Question 49

drugs alter nutrient absorption

inactivates enzyme systems, can damage mucosal cells

Answer 49

chemotherapy

Question 50

food can alter drug absorption

changing the acidity of the digestive tract

ex: causing slow acting asthma medication to dissolve too quickly

Answer 50

candy

Question 51

food can alter drug absorption

simulating secretion of digestive juices

absorbed better when taken with foods that stimulate the release of digestive enzymes

Answer 51

griseofulvin

Question 52

food can alter drug absorption

alter the absorption rate

absorbed more slowly when taken with food

Answer 52

aspirin

Question 53

food can alter drug absorption

binding to drugs

binds to tetracycline limiting drug absorption

Answer 53

calcium

Question 54

food can alter drug absorption

competes for absorption sites in the intestines

dietary AA interferes with _____

Answer 54

levodopa

Question 55

drugs and nutrients can interact and alter metabolism by

acts as structural analogs

Answer 55

anticoagulants and vitamin k

Question 56

drugs and nutrients can interact and alter metabolism by

competing with each other for metabolic enzyme systems

Answer 56

phenobarbital and folate

Question 57

drugs and nutrients can interact and alter metabolism by

alters enzyme activity and contributing pharmacologically active substances

Answer 57

monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) and tyramine

Question 58

drugs can alter nutrient excretion by

alters reabsorption in the kidneys

Answer 58

diuretics increase excretion of sodium and potassium

Question 59

drugs can alter nutrient excretion by

displacing nutrients from their plasma protein carriers

Answer 59

aspirin displaces folate