Chapter 2: NLS - Infancy-Lactation (1) Flashcards by isabelle _ | Brainscape

Q

colostrum changes to _____ between the 3rd and 6th day, chon content is still high

A

transitional milk

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Q

daily volume of milk production

milk production can be limited by severe food restriction

A

340 to over 1000 ml/day

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Q

mature milk - nutrient content (CHON)

contains phosphorous-containing proteins that occur only in milk

A

casein

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Q

mature milk - nutrient content (CHON)

include lactalbumin and lactoferrin that are synthesized in the mammary glands

A

whey proteins

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Q

mature milk - nutrient content (AMINO ACIDS)

low in (3)

A

methionine, phenylalanine, tyrosine

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Q

mature milk - nutrient content (AMINO ACIDS)

rich in

A

cysteine

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Q

mature milk - nutrient content (AMINO ACIDS)

found in high levels in fetal brain tissue

role in the development of the brain,

associated with bile acid, has an important role in digestion

may function in cholesterol mgmt in the body

A

taurine

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Q

mature milk - nutrient content (AMINO ACIDS)

main amino acid in mature milk

A

taurine

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Q

mature milk - nutrient content (AMINO ACIDS)

formed from methionine and lysine, transports long-chain fatty acids across the mitochondrial membrane where they are oxidized as fuel substrates for metabolic energy

A

carnitine

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Q

mature milk - nutrient content (LIPIDS)

90% of lipids is in the form of ??

A

triglycerides

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Q

mature milk - nutrient content (LIPIDS)

are necessary for the normal prenatal and postnatal development of the brian and retina

A

omega-3 fatty acids

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Q

mature milk - nutrient content (CHO)

main cho; insoluble and is slowly digested and absorbed in the small intestine

A

lactose

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Q

mature milk - nutrient content (CHO)

lactose is absorbed in?

A

small intestine

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Q

mature milk - nutrient content (CHO)

improves absorption of (3)

A

Ca, P, Mg

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Q

mature milk - nutrient content (CHO)

inhibit the binding of selected bacterial pathogens or their toxins to epithelial cells by acting as “trapping receptors”

A

specialized oligosaccharides

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Q

mature milk - nutrient content (MAJOR MINERALS)

(5)

A

Ca, P, Cl, K, Na

(Calcium, phosphorous, chlorine, potassium, sodium)

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Q

human milk - anti-infectious factors

nitrogen-containing polysaccharides that favors the growth of Lactobacillus bifidus

A

bifidusfactor

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Q

human milk - anti-infectious factors

stimulates growth of bifidobacteria, which antagonizes the survival of enterobacteria

A

bifidusbacteria

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Q

human milk - anti-infectious factors

predominant immunoglobulin is _____ found in large amounts in colostrum and in smaller amounts in mature breast milk

A

Ig A

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Q

human milk - anti-infectious factors

act as a bacterial invasion of the mucosa and/or colonization of the gut

A

secretory immunoglobulin (Ig A, IgM, IgE, IgD, IgG)

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Q

human milk - anti-infectious factors

inhibits systemic staphylococcal infection

A

anti staphylococcus factor

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Q

human milk - anti-infectious factors

compound with a “monilia-static” effect against Candida albicans

A

lactoferrin

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Q

human milk - anti-infectious factors

inhibits growth of staphylococci and escherichia coli by binding iron that the bacteria require to grow and inhibits bacterial multiplication

A

lactoferrin

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Q

human milk - anti-infectious factors

an enzyme found in human milk that catalyzes the oxidation of organic substrate including harmful microorganisms, protecting the infant

A

lactoperoxidase

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Q

human milk - anti-infectious factors

kills streptococci and enteric bacteria

A

lactoperoxidase

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Q

human milk - anti-infectious factors

potent hormone like unsaturated fatty acids that act in extremely low concentrations on local target organs; protects the integrity of the GIT epithelium against noxious substances

A

prostaglandins

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Q

human milk - anti-infectious factors

promoted opsonization

A

complement (C3, C1)

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Q

human milk - anti-infectious factors

inhibits intracellular viral replication

A

interferon

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Q

human milk - anti-infectious factors

lyses bacteria through destruction of the cell wall

A

lysozyme

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Q

human milk - anti-infectious factors

renders vitamin b12 unavailable for bacterial growth

A

b12-binding proteins

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Q

human milk - anti-infectious factors

includes mature leukocytes, special lymphoid white blood cells, t-cells and b-cells, forming major components of the body’s immune system

A

lymphocytes

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Q

human milk - anti-infectious factors

synthesize secretory igA

A

lymphocytes

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Q

human milk - anti-infectious factors

large phagocytes, cells of the immune system that engulf and consume microorganisms, other cells or foreign particles, interacts with T cells and B cells to produce inflammatory process and antibodies

A

macrophages

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Q

non-nutritional substances that may be transferred to milk - DRUGS

used to relieve tension may produce drowsiness in the baby and mother

A

sedatives

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Q

non-nutritional substances that may be transferred to milk - DRUGS

produce a bluish tint to the skin and other disorders (2)

A

lithium and reserpine

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Q

non-nutritional substances that may be transferred to milk - DRUGS

prescribed for relief of manic depression, may induce lowered body temp, loss of muscle tone, and bluish skin in the infant

A

lithium carbonate

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Q

non-nutritional substances that may be transferred to milk - DRUGS

may produce an allergic reaction in a sensitive infant; other antibiotics may cause sleepiness, vomiting, and refusal to eat

A

penicillin

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Q

non-nutritional substances that may be transferred to milk - DRUGS

_____ in mother’s milk may induce lethargy

A

valium residuals

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Q

DRUGS - caused significant effects on some nursing infants, should be given to nursing mothers with CAUTION

metabolic acidosis, may effect platelet functions, rash

A

aspirin (salicylates)

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Q

DRUGS - caused significant effects on some nursing infants, should be given to nursing mothers with CAUTION

drowsiness, irritability, refusal to feed, high-pitched cry, neck stiffness

A

clemastine

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Q

DRUGS - caused significant effects on some nursing infants, should be given to nursing mothers with CAUTION

sedation, infantile spasms after weaning from milk containing phenobarbital, methemoglobinemia

A

phenobarbital

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Q

DRUGS - caused significant effects on some nursing infants, should be given to nursing mothers with CAUTION

sedation, feeding problems

A

primidone

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Q

DRUGS - caused significant effects on some nursing infants, should be given to nursing mothers with CAUTION

blood diarrhea, feeding problems

A

salicylazosulfapyridine (sylfasalazine)

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Q

drugs of abuse - contraindicated during breastfeeding

causes irritability, poor sleep pattern

A

amphetamine

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Q

drugs of abuse - contraindicated during breastfeeding

leads to cocaine intoxication

A

cocaine

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Q

drugs of abuse - contraindicated during breastfeeding

because of withdrawal syndrome

A

heroine

Q

drugs of abuse - contraindicated during breastfeeding

no effect mentioned

A

marijuana

Q

drugs of abuse - contraindicated during breastfeeding

shock, vomiting, diarrhea, rapid heart rate, restlessness, and decreased milk production

A

nicotine (smoking)

Q

environmental pollutants

appear in breast milk

have high lipid solubility, resistance to physical degradation or biologic metabolism, wide distribution in the environment, and slow or absent excretion rates

A

chemical contaminants

Q

lactating - increase in specific nutrient requirements

increase is necessary to cover the requirement for milk production

A

protein

Q

lactating - increase in specific nutrient requirements

human milk is the source of this micronutrient and related to carotenoids

stored in the liver of infants

A

vitamin a

Q

lactating - increase in specific nutrient requirements

additional amounts are needed to cover the nutrients secreted in milk and the increased maternal energy requirement (3)

A

thiamin, riboflavin, niacin

Q

lactating - increase in specific nutrient requirements

kcal requirement for lactating mothers

A

normal requirement +500 kcal

Q

lactating - increase in specific nutrient requirements

intake of water is recommended to avoid dehydration

drink a glass of milk, water, or juice at each meal, and each time the baby nurses

A

2.5L/day

Q

during pregnancy

maternal fuel source

A

fat

Q

during pregnancy

infant fuel source

A

glucose

Q

a package of evidenced-based practices, a series of time bound, chronologically-ordered care practices that a baby receives at birth

A

essential intrapartum and newborn care protocol

Q

provides the highest standard for safe and quality care for birthing mothers and heathy newborns for the first 48hrs of the intrapartum period and up to a newborn’s first 6 weeks of life

A

essential intrapartum and newborn care protocol

Q

timed cord clamping

A

more than 1 to 5 mins

Q

DOH campaign which aims to establish a supportive community, as well as to promote public consciousness on the health benefits of breastfeeding

A

Breastfeeding TSEK (tama, sapat. ekslusibo)

Q

infants born at 37-42 weeks

A

full-term infant

Q

aka premature infant

born before 37 weeks gestation

A

preterm infant

Q

low birth weight infants

A

less than 2,500 g

Q

very-low birth weight infants

A

less than 1,500 grams

Q

extremely low birth weight infants

A

less than 1,000 g

Q

micronate

A

less than 750 g

Q

newborn’s weight, length, and head circumference fall below 10th percentile

A

small for gestational age (SGA)

Q

newborn’s weight, length, and head circumference between 10th and 80th percentile

A

appropriate for gestational age (AGA)

Q

newborn’s weight, length, and head circumference falls above 90th percentile

A

large for gestational age

Q

one of the indicators of newbon health status

the fetus in the womb does not grow as expected which may be associated with multiple factors (genetics, congenital anomalies, infection, multiple gestation, etc.)

A

intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR)

Q

reflex that occurs when an infant’s cheek is stroked or touched

helps the baby find the nipple

A

rooting reflex

Q

reflex on the baby’s tongue moving forward and backwards which is important in feeding

A

suckle

Q

also known as nociceptive flexion

A

withdrawal

Q

infant’s _____ highest among other stages due to rapid growth rate and high muscle proportion

A

metabolic rate

Q

important in neurological development and brain function

A

fat

Q

stores of this micronutrient is low in newborn infants, should receive an intramuscular injection

A

vitamin k

Q

low-weight-for age

A

wasting

Q

low-height-for-age

A

stunting

Q

hormone that stimulated milk production; sucking is the major trigger for this homrone

A

prolactin

Q

hormone for the let down or ejection of milk from the milk gland; plays a role in uterus contraction during delivery and after delivery by sealing blood vessels and shrink in size

A

oxytocin

Q

first milk

high in chon, low cho and fat

a type of wbc from the mother for immune protection is highest in the colostrum

A

colostrum

Q

produced from about 2-14 days after birth

contains less lipids

A

early breastmilk (foremilk)

Q

begins to appear near the end of the 2nd week after childbirth

abundant in fat globules rich in phospholipids

A

mature milk (hind milk)

Q

main proteins present in colostrum

A

secretory immunoglobulin a and lactoferrin

Q

number of pregnancies a woman had experienced including current pregnancy

A

gravida

Q

hormone that stimulates the thickness of the uterine during menstrual cycle

A

estrogen

Q

supports fetal growth and development by increasing the availability of glucose and amino acids

A

human placental lactogen

Q

a hormone that increases during pregnancy

hormone detected in a pregnancy test

A

human chorionic gonadotrophin

Q

number of previous deliveries including live births or iufd

A

parity

Q

infant - height

usually increase by 50% during the 1ast year

A

25-30 cm (10-12 inches)

Q

infant - digestion and absorption (stomach)

stomach capacity at birth

A

10-12 ml

Q

infant - digestion and absorption (stomach)

stomach capacity by 1 y/o

A

200 ml

Q

infant - digestion and absorption (stomach)

gastric pH is alkaline at birth, within 24 hrs _____ reaches a peak performance compared to a 3 y/o

A

acid

Q

infant - digestion and absorption (stomach)

stomach at birth empties about

A

2.5-3hrs

Q

infant - digestion and absorption (intestinal actions)

the intestines of newborns are _____ in relation to body size than the adult and have a larger surface area for absorption

A

larger

Q

infant - digestion and absorption (intestinal actions)

_____ common

A

reverse peristalsis

Q

infant - digestion and absorption (intestinal actions)

provide the capacity for infants to digest and absorb the milk and food consumed

A

enzymatic secretions

Q

infant - digestion and absorption (renal function)

produces only limited quantities of the antidiuretic hormone vasopressin that inhibits diuresis

A

pituitary gland

Q

infant - digestion and absorption (intestinal actions)

_____ is low in the newborn and the bile acid pool is reduced

A

pancreatic lipase

Q

infant - digestion and absorption (renal function)

at this age, the normal infant can maintain water balance as efficient as the adults

A

1 month of age

Q

infant - digestion and absorption

grows faster than any other systems; cells rapidly increase in number and size up to age

A

brain

Q

infant - digestion and absorption (neuromuscular development)

is the development of control over bodily movements through the coordinated activity of the nerves and the muscles

A

motor development

Q

premature infant - characteristics

an infant is considered premature if he or she is born at fewer than ____ days of gestation or weighs less than

A

270 days

2500 g (5.5 lbs)

Q

fat deficiency in infants results to

A

eczema-like dermatitis

Q

toxicity of this micronutrient leads to intercranial pressure and hydrocephalus

A

vitamin a

Q

types of milk used for feeding infants

cow’s milk is regular unmodified cow’s milk not suitable for infants during the early months

A

modifies cow’s milk formula

Q

types of milk used for feeding infants

whole milk dried under controlled conditions

A

powdered cow’s milk formula

Q

types of milk used for feeding infants

whole milk form which about 50-60% of its water content has been removed

A

full-cream evaporated milk

Q

types of milk used for feeding infants

2 good milk substitutes

A

recombined milk and reconstituted milk

Q

types of milk used for feeding infants

cow’s milk from which butterfat has been removed and replaced with vegetable oil

96% coconut oil
6% corn oil

A

evaporated filled milk

Q

types of milk used for feeding infants

full cream or filled but high in sugar content resulting in a very diluted milk formula

A

sweetened condensed milk

Q

types of milk used for feeding infants

protein and mineral content are adjusted to resemble that of human milk, with the replacement of butterfat with corn oil and using lactose as sole source of cho

A

completely modified milk formula

Q

types of milk used for feeding infants

hypoallergenic formulas (2)

A

soy formulas
casein hydrolysate