Chapter 2: NLS - Infancy-Lactation (1) Flashcards by isabelle _

Q

colostrum changes to _____ between the 3rd and 6th day, chon content is still high

A

transitional milk

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Q

daily volume of milk production

milk production can be limited by severe food restriction

A

340 to over 1000 ml/day

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Q

mature milk - nutrient content (CHON)

contains phosphorous-containing proteins that occur only in milk

A

casein

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Q

mature milk - nutrient content (CHON)

include lactalbumin and lactoferrin that are synthesized in the mammary glands

A

whey proteins

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Q

mature milk - nutrient content (AMINO ACIDS)

low in (3)

A

methionine, phenylalanine, tyrosine

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Q

mature milk - nutrient content (AMINO ACIDS)

rich in

A

cysteine

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Q

mature milk - nutrient content (AMINO ACIDS)

found in high levels in fetal brain tissue

role in the development of the brain,

associated with bile acid, has an important role in digestion

may function in cholesterol mgmt in the body

A

taurine

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Q

mature milk - nutrient content (AMINO ACIDS)

main amino acid in mature milk

A

taurine

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Q

mature milk - nutrient content (AMINO ACIDS)

formed from methionine and lysine, transports long-chain fatty acids across the mitochondrial membrane where they are oxidized as fuel substrates for metabolic energy

A

carnitine

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Q

mature milk - nutrient content (LIPIDS)

90% of lipids is in the form of ??

A

triglycerides

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Q

mature milk - nutrient content (LIPIDS)

are necessary for the normal prenatal and postnatal development of the brian and retina

A

omega-3 fatty acids

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Q

mature milk - nutrient content (CHO)

main cho; insoluble and is slowly digested and absorbed in the small intestine

A

lactose

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Q

mature milk - nutrient content (CHO)

lactose is absorbed in?

A

small intestine

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Q

mature milk - nutrient content (CHO)

improves absorption of (3)

A

Ca, P, Mg

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Q

mature milk - nutrient content (CHO)

inhibit the binding of selected bacterial pathogens or their toxins to epithelial cells by acting as “trapping receptors”

A

specialized oligosaccharides

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Q

mature milk - nutrient content (MAJOR MINERALS)

(5)

A

Ca, P, Cl, K, Na

(Calcium, phosphorous, chlorine, potassium, sodium)

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Q

human milk - anti-infectious factors

nitrogen-containing polysaccharides that favors the growth of Lactobacillus bifidus

A

bifidusfactor

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Q

human milk - anti-infectious factors

stimulates growth of bifidobacteria, which antagonizes the survival of enterobacteria

A

bifidusbacteria

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Q

human milk - anti-infectious factors

predominant immunoglobulin is _____ found in large amounts in colostrum and in smaller amounts in mature breast milk

A

Ig A

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Q

human milk - anti-infectious factors

act as a bacterial invasion of the mucosa and/or colonization of the gut

A

secretory immunoglobulin (Ig A, IgM, IgE, IgD, IgG)

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Q

human milk - anti-infectious factors

inhibits systemic staphylococcal infection

A

anti staphylococcus factor

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Q

human milk - anti-infectious factors

compound with a “monilia-static” effect against Candida albicans

A

lactoferrin

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Q

human milk - anti-infectious factors

inhibits growth of staphylococci and escherichia coli by binding iron that the bacteria require to grow and inhibits bacterial multiplication

A

lactoferrin

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Q

human milk - anti-infectious factors

an enzyme found in human milk that catalyzes the oxidation of organic substrate including harmful microorganisms, protecting the infant

A

lactoperoxidase

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human milk - anti-infectious factors kills streptococci and enteric bacteria

lactoperoxidase

human milk - anti-infectious factors potent hormone like unsaturated fatty acids that act in extremely low concentrations on local target organs; protects the integrity of the GIT epithelium against noxious substances

prostaglandins

human milk - anti-infectious factors promoted opsonization

complement (C3, C1)

human milk - anti-infectious factors inhibits intracellular viral replication

interferon

human milk - anti-infectious factors lyses bacteria through destruction of the cell wall

lysozyme

human milk - anti-infectious factors renders vitamin b12 unavailable for bacterial growth

b12-binding proteins

human milk - anti-infectious factors includes mature leukocytes, special lymphoid white blood cells, t-cells and b-cells, forming major components of the body's immune system

lymphocytes

human milk - anti-infectious factors synthesize secretory igA

lymphocytes

human milk - anti-infectious factors large phagocytes, cells of the immune system that engulf and consume microorganisms, other cells or foreign particles, interacts with T cells and B cells to produce inflammatory process and antibodies

macrophages

non-nutritional substances that may be transferred to milk - DRUGS used to relieve tension may produce drowsiness in the baby and mother

sedatives

non-nutritional substances that may be transferred to milk - DRUGS produce a bluish tint to the skin and other disorders (2)

lithium and reserpine

non-nutritional substances that may be transferred to milk - DRUGS prescribed for relief of manic depression, may induce lowered body temp, loss of muscle tone, and bluish skin in the infant

lithium carbonate

non-nutritional substances that may be transferred to milk - DRUGS may produce an allergic reaction in a sensitive infant; other antibiotics may cause sleepiness, vomiting, and refusal to eat

penicillin

non-nutritional substances that may be transferred to milk - DRUGS _____ in mother's milk may induce lethargy

valium residuals

DRUGS - caused significant effects on some nursing infants, should be given to nursing mothers with CAUTION metabolic acidosis, may effect platelet functions, rash

aspirin (salicylates)

DRUGS - caused significant effects on some nursing infants, should be given to nursing mothers with CAUTION drowsiness, irritability, refusal to feed, high-pitched cry, neck stiffness

clemastine

DRUGS - caused significant effects on some nursing infants, should be given to nursing mothers with CAUTION sedation, infantile spasms after weaning from milk containing phenobarbital, methemoglobinemia

phenobarbital

DRUGS - caused significant effects on some nursing infants, should be given to nursing mothers with CAUTION sedation, feeding problems

primidone

DRUGS - caused significant effects on some nursing infants, should be given to nursing mothers with CAUTION blood diarrhea, feeding problems

salicylazosulfapyridine (sylfasalazine)

drugs of abuse - contraindicated during breastfeeding causes irritability, poor sleep pattern

amphetamine

drugs of abuse - contraindicated during breastfeeding leads to cocaine intoxication

cocaine

drugs of abuse - contraindicated during breastfeeding because of withdrawal syndrome

heroine

drugs of abuse - contraindicated during breastfeeding no effect mentioned

marijuana

drugs of abuse - contraindicated during breastfeeding shock, vomiting, diarrhea, rapid heart rate, restlessness, and decreased milk production

nicotine (smoking)

environmental pollutants appear in breast milk have high lipid solubility, resistance to physical degradation or biologic metabolism, wide distribution in the environment, and slow or absent excretion rates

chemical contaminants

lactating - increase in specific nutrient requirements increase is necessary to cover the requirement for milk production

protein

lactating - increase in specific nutrient requirements human milk is the source of this micronutrient and related to carotenoids stored in the liver of infants

vitamin a

lactating - increase in specific nutrient requirements additional amounts are needed to cover the nutrients secreted in milk and the increased maternal energy requirement (3)

thiamin, riboflavin, niacin

lactating - increase in specific nutrient requirements kcal requirement for lactating mothers

normal requirement +500 kcal

lactating - increase in specific nutrient requirements intake of water is recommended to avoid dehydration drink a glass of milk, water, or juice at each meal, and each time the baby nurses

2.5L/day

during pregnancy maternal fuel source

fat

during pregnancy infant fuel source

glucose

a package of evidenced-based practices, a series of time bound, chronologically-ordered care practices that a baby receives at birth

essential intrapartum and newborn care protocol

provides the highest standard for safe and quality care for birthing mothers and heathy newborns for the first 48hrs of the intrapartum period and up to a newborn's first 6 weeks of life

essential intrapartum and newborn care protocol

timed cord clamping

more than 1 to 5 mins

DOH campaign which aims to establish a supportive community, as well as to promote public consciousness on the health benefits of breastfeeding

Breastfeeding TSEK (tama, sapat. ekslusibo)

infants born at 37-42 weeks

full-term infant

aka premature infant born before 37 weeks gestation

preterm infant

low birth weight infants

less than 2,500 g

very-low birth weight infants

less than 1,500 grams

extremely low birth weight infants

less than 1,000 g

micronate

less than 750 g

newborn's weight, length, and head circumference fall below 10th percentile

small for gestational age (SGA)

newborn's weight, length, and head circumference between 10th and 80th percentile

appropriate for gestational age (AGA)

newborn's weight, length, and head circumference falls above 90th percentile

large for gestational age

one of the indicators of newbon health status the fetus in the womb does not grow as expected which may be associated with multiple factors (genetics, congenital anomalies, infection, multiple gestation, etc.)

intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR)

reflex that occurs when an infant's cheek is stroked or touched helps the baby find the nipple

rooting reflex

reflex on the baby's tongue moving forward and backwards which is important in feeding

suckle

also known as nociceptive flexion

withdrawal

infant's _____ highest among other stages due to rapid growth rate and high muscle proportion

metabolic rate

important in neurological development and brain function

fat

stores of this micronutrient is low in newborn infants, should receive an intramuscular injection

vitamin k

low-weight-for age

wasting

low-height-for-age

stunting

hormone that stimulated milk production; sucking is the major trigger for this homrone

prolactin

hormone for the let down or ejection of milk from the milk gland; plays a role in uterus contraction during delivery and after delivery by sealing blood vessels and shrink in size

oxytocin

first milk high in chon, low cho and fat a type of wbc from the mother for immune protection is highest in the colostrum

colostrum

produced from about 2-14 days after birth contains less lipids

early breastmilk (foremilk)

begins to appear near the end of the 2nd week after childbirth abundant in fat globules rich in phospholipids

mature milk (hind milk)

main proteins present in colostrum

secretory immunoglobulin a and lactoferrin

number of pregnancies a woman had experienced including current pregnancy

gravida

hormone that stimulates the thickness of the uterine during menstrual cycle

estrogen

supports fetal growth and development by increasing the availability of glucose and amino acids

human placental lactogen

a hormone that increases during pregnancy hormone detected in a pregnancy test

human chorionic gonadotrophin

number of previous deliveries including live births or iufd

parity

infant - height usually increase by 50% during the 1ast year

25-30 cm (10-12 inches)

infant - digestion and absorption (stomach) stomach capacity at birth

10-12 ml

infant - digestion and absorption (stomach) stomach capacity by 1 y/o

200 ml

infant - digestion and absorption (stomach) gastric pH is alkaline at birth, within 24 hrs _____ reaches a peak performance compared to a 3 y/o

acid

infant - digestion and absorption (stomach) stomach at birth empties about

2.5-3hrs

infant - digestion and absorption (intestinal actions) the intestines of newborns are _____ in relation to body size than the adult and have a larger surface area for absorption

larger

infant - digestion and absorption (intestinal actions) _____ common

reverse peristalsis

infant - digestion and absorption (intestinal actions) provide the capacity for infants to digest and absorb the milk and food consumed

enzymatic secretions

infant - digestion and absorption (renal function) produces only limited quantities of the antidiuretic hormone vasopressin that inhibits diuresis

pituitary gland

infant - digestion and absorption (intestinal actions) _____ is low in the newborn and the bile acid pool is reduced

pancreatic lipase

infant - digestion and absorption (renal function) at this age, the normal infant can maintain water balance as efficient as the adults

1 month of age

infant - digestion and absorption grows faster than any other systems; cells rapidly increase in number and size up to age

brain

infant - digestion and absorption (neuromuscular development) is the development of control over bodily movements through the coordinated activity of the nerves and the muscles

motor development

premature infant - characteristics an infant is considered premature if he or she is born at fewer than ____ days of gestation or weighs less than

270 days 2500 g (5.5 lbs)

fat deficiency in infants results to

eczema-like dermatitis

toxicity of this micronutrient leads to intercranial pressure and hydrocephalus

vitamin a

types of milk used for feeding infants cow's milk is regular unmodified cow's milk not suitable for infants during the early months

modifies cow's milk formula

types of milk used for feeding infants whole milk dried under controlled conditions

powdered cow's milk formula

types of milk used for feeding infants whole milk form which about 50-60% of its water content has been removed

full-cream evaporated milk

types of milk used for feeding infants 2 good milk substitutes

recombined milk and reconstituted milk

types of milk used for feeding infants cow's milk from which butterfat has been removed and replaced with vegetable oil 96% coconut oil 6% corn oil

evaporated filled milk

types of milk used for feeding infants full cream or filled but high in sugar content resulting in a very diluted milk formula

sweetened condensed milk

types of milk used for feeding infants protein and mineral content are adjusted to resemble that of human milk, with the replacement of butterfat with corn oil and using lactose as sole source of cho

completely modified milk formula

types of milk used for feeding infants hypoallergenic formulas (2)

soy formulas casein hydrolysate