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NAPLEX Prep > Chapter 2: Basic Science Concepts > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Basic Science Concepts Flashcards

1
Q

Substrate (or Ligand)

A

A substance that creates a signal or produces an effect by binding to a receptor, enzyme, or transporter

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2
Q

Endogenous

A

A substance that is produced by the body

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3
Q

Exogenous

A

A substance that is produced outside of the body

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4
Q

Agonist

A

A substrate that combines with a receptor to initiate a reaction

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5
Q

Antagonist

A

A substance that reduces or blocks a reaction

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6
Q

Induction

A

When a substance increases the activity of an enzyme

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7
Q

Inhibition

A

When a substance decreases or blocks the activity of an enzyme

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8
Q

The Central Nervous System (CNS) includes…

A

the brain and spinal cord

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9
Q

the CNS controls the functions of the rest of the body by sending signals to the…

A

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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10
Q

The PNS is comprised of two main systems:

A

Somatic nervous system
Autonomic nervous system

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11
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Voluntary
- controls muscle movement

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12
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Involuntary
- digestion
- cardiac output
- blood pressure

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13
Q

neurotransmitters

A

substrates that act as the body’s chemical messengers

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14
Q

Acetylcholine (ACh)

A

The primary neurotransmitter in the somatic nervous system
- binds nicotinic receptors in skeletal muscle to affect muscle movement

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15
Q

The two main divisions of the autonomic nervous system

A

Parasympathetic & Sympathetic

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16
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A
  • “rest and digest”
  • Releases ACh -> binds muscarinic receptors
  • triggers SLUDD
17
Q

SLUDD

A
  • Salivation
  • Lacrimation
  • Urination
  • Defication
  • Digestion
18
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A
  • “fight or flight”
  • Releases Epi and NE
  • bind adrenergic receptors (a1, b1, b2)
  • causes increased HR, BP, bronchodilation, glucose production
19
Q

agonist

A

a substance that binds to and activates a receptor

20
Q

antagonist

A

a substance that binds to a receptor but does not produce a reaction

21
Q

Competitive inhibition

A

When an antagonist binds the same site as an agonist

22
Q

Noncompetitive inhibition

A

when an antagonist binds at a site other than the active site (called an allosteric site) which changes the shape of the active site and prevents the agonist from binding

23
Q

Muscarinic receptor

A

Endogenous substrate: ACh
Agonist action: inc SLUDD
Drug agonists: Pilocarpine, bethanechol
Drug antagonists: atropine, oxybutynin

24
Q

Nicotinic Receptor

A

Endogenous substrate: ACh
Agonist action: increased HR & BP
Drug agonists: Nicotine
Drug antagonists: neuromuscular blockers (ex rocuronium)

25
Q

Alpha 1 Receptor (mainly peripheral)

A

Endogenous substrate: Epi & NE
Agonist action: Smooth muscle vasoconstriction & increased BP
Drug agonists: Phenylephrine, dopamine
Drug antagonists: doxazosin, carvedilol, phentolamine

26
Q

Alpha 2 receptor (mainly brain, central)

A

Endogenous substrate: Epi & NE
Agonist action: decreased release of Epi & NE -> decreased BP and HR
Drug agonists: Clonidine, brimonidine
Drug antagonists: ergot alkaloids, yohimbine

27
Q

Beta 1 receptor (mainly heart)

A

Endogenous substrate: Epi & NE
Agonist action: inc myocardial contractility, CO and HR
Drug agonists: Dobutamine, Isoproterenol, dopamine
Drug antagonists: Beta 1 selective BB (metoprolol) & non-selective BB (propranolol, carvedilol)

28
Q

Beta 2 receptor (mainly lungs)

A

Endogenous substrate: Epi
Agonist action: Bronchodilation
Drug agonists: albuterol, isoproterenol, terbutaline
Drug antagonists: non-selective BB (propranolol, carvedilol)

29
Q

Dopamine receptor

A

Endogenous substrate: dopamine
Agonist action: Lots o’ stuff (inc renal, cardiac, & CNS effects)
Drug agonists: levodopa, pramipexol
Drug antagonists: first gen APS (haloperidol), metoclopramide

30
Q

Serotonin receptor

A

Endogenous substrate: Serotonin
Agonist action: Lots o’ stuff (inc platelet, GI, and psych effects)
Drug agonists: Triptans (sumatriptan)
Drug antagonists: ondansetron, second gen APS (quetiapine)

31
Q

Acetylcholinesterase

A

Action: Breaks down ACh

Drug example: Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine) -> block ACh-esterase -> inc ACh levels, used to treat Alzheimer’s

32
Q

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)

A

Action: converts angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2 (a potent vasoconstrictor)

Drug example: ACE inhibitors (lisinopril, ramipril, etc) -> inhibit production of angiotensin 2 -> decreased vasoconstriction and aldosterone secretion
* used to treat hypertension, HF, and kidney disease

33
Q

Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT)

A

action: breaks down levodopa

drug example: COMT inhibitor (entacapone) -> blocks COMT enzyme -> prevents breakdown of levodopa -> treats Parkinsons

34
Q

Cyclooxygenase

A

Enzyme that converts arachidonic acid to prostaglandins (inflammation) and thromboxane A2 (platelet aggregation)

Drug example: COX inhibitors (NSAIDS: aspirin, ibuprofen) -> decreased prostaglandins and thromboxane A2 -> treats pain and inflammation and decreases platelet activation

35
Q

Monoamine oxidase

A

Enzyme that breaks down catecholamines (DA, NE, Epi, 5-HT)

Inhibitor examples: phenelzine, tranylcypromine, isocarboxazid, selegiline, rasagiline, methylene blue, linezolid -> block MAO -> inc catecholamine levels -> treats depression
* if catecholamine levels are too high it can cause hypertensive crisis or serotonin syndrome

36
Q

Phosphodiesterase

A

Enzyme that breaks down cGMP (a smooth muscle relaxant)

Inhibitor example: PDE-5 inhibitors (sildenafil, tadalafil) -> prevent breakdown of cGMP -> prolong smooth muscle relaxation -> treat erectile dysfunction

37
Q

Vitamin K epoxide reductase

A

enzyme that converts vitamin K to the active form required for production of select clotting factors

inhibitor example: Warfarin -> decreases production of clotting factors for anticoagulant effect

38
Q

Xanthine oxidase

A

enzyme that breaks down hypoxanthine and xanthine into uric acid

inhibitor example: allopurinol -> decreases uric acid production to prevent gout attacks

NAPLEX Prep (40 decks)

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