Chapter 2 Body Structure Flashcards
Metabolism
Sum of body’s physical and chemical activities
plasma membrane
outer layer of cell
composed of lipids and proteins
(exchange of goods, growth reproduction, cell interaction)
microvilli
extensions of cell membrane
absorbs material into cell
nucleus
large membrane bound organelle
contains chromosomes
nucleolus
thing in nucleus (core)
RIBOSOME PRODUCTION
cytoplasm
fills cell; consists of fluid and organelles
cytosol
fluid part of cytoplasm
endoplasmic reticulum
membranes within cytoplasm; rough ER has ribosomes and makes proteins, smooth ER for lipids
ribososmes
small bodies attached to ER made of RNA and protein (MAKE PROTEINS)
golgi apparatus
layers of membranes
modifies proteins, sorts and prepares for transport
mitochondria
large, folded membranes, makes ATP
lysosomes
digestive enzymes, breaks stuff down in cells
peroxisomes
enzymes, breaks down harmful stuff
vesicles
membrane bound sacs, transport stuff in bulk in/out of cell ( think starwars cargo ship)
centrioles
rod shaped near nucleus, separates chromosomes during division
surface projections
structures extend from cell, move cell
cilia
cell hair, move fluid around cell
flagellum
whip tail, moves cell
meiosis
prepares for fertilization, halves genes
epithelial tissue
covers and protects organs and body structures
simple epithelium
absorb substances from one system to another (resp, dig)
stratified epithelium
protects deeper tissues (ex: vagina, mouth)
connective tissue
supports and binds structures
fibers and nonliving materials
- blood
- adipose
- cartilage
- bone
muscle tissue
- skeletal moves skeleton
- cardiac moves heart
- smooth forms walls in organs and is involuntary
nervous tissue
brain spinal cord and nerves
controls and coordinates body responses by electrical impulses
histology
study of tissues
integumentary system
skin, hair, sweat glands, oil glands
protection and body temp regulation
skeletal system
bones and joints
muscular system
moves skeleton
makes up walls of internal organs
protect body parts
nervous system
brain spinal cord, special senses (ear and eye)
receives and processes stimuli
endocrine system
individual glands that produce hormones
cardiovascular system
blood, heart, blood vessels
lymphatic system
circulation, protect body from foreign materials
respiratory system
obtains oxygen needed for metabolism and eliminates CO2
digestive system
absorbs nutrients and eliminates waste
urinary system
eliminates soluble waste, balances volume and composition of body fluids
cytology
study of cells
gene
UNIT of DNA that composes chromosome
glucose
main energy source, simple sugar
mucus
protects tissues
proteins
can be
- structural
- enzymes
- hormones
RNA
make proteins
morph/o
form
kary/o
nucleus
hist/o
tissue
histi/o
tissue
fibr/o
fiber
reticul/o
network
aden/o
gland
papill/o
nipple
myx/o
mucus
muc/o
mucus, mucus membrane
somat/o
body
-some
small body
blast/o, -blast
immature cell, productive cell, embryonic cell
gen
origin, formation
phag/o
eat, ingest
phil
attract, absorb
plas
formation, molding, development
trop
act on, affect
troph/o
feeding, growth, development
-ase
enzyme
-ose
sugar
hydr/o
water, fluid
gluc/o
glucose
glyc/o
sugar, glucose
sacchar/o
sugar
amyl/o
starch
lip/o
lipid, fat
adip/o
fat
steat/o
fatty
prote/o
protein
parenchyma
functional tissue of organ
coronal plane
crown, front to back
sagittal plane
side to side, from word arrow
transverse plane
top and bottom
dorsal cavity
brain and spinal cord
ventral cavity
thoracic cavity separate from abdominal cavity by diaphragm, pelvic cavity
peritoneum
membrane that covers abdominopelvic cavity
epigastric
above stomach, one of 9
umbilical
at umbilicus
hypogastric
below umbilicus, middle below stomach
hypochondriac
on left and right upper regions
lumbar
left and right middle regions
iliac
left and right lower regions
cranial
head,skull
facial
face
frontal
forehead
ocular
eye
oral
mouth
thoracic
chest
brachial
arm
antebrachial
forearm
carpal
wrist
manual
hand
femoral
thigh
crural
leg
pedal
foot
mammary
breast
axillary
armpit
antecubital
inner elbow
umbilical
navel
inguinal
groin
pubis
pubic
palmar
palm
phalangeal
fingers/toes
patellar
knee cap
parietal
crown of head
occipital
base of skull
acromial
shoulder
scapular
shoulder blade
iliac
hip
sural
calf
calcaneal
heel
cervical
neck
deltoil
shoulder (lateral)
lumbar
small of back
sacral
sacrum(tailbone region)
gluteal
buttock
popliteal
back of knee
plantar
sole of foot
anatomic position
standing facing forward with arms at side, palm forward, legs parallel, toes forward
decubitus position
lying down
dorsal recumbent position
on back with legs bent and separated, feet flat, used for OBGYN
fowler position
on back, head of bed raised 18 inches, knees elevated
used for drainage
jackknife position
on back with shoulders elevated, legs flexed and thighs at right angels to abdomen; used to insert foley
knee-chest position
on knees, head and upper chest on table, arms crossed above head; used to flush intestine
lateral recumbent position
on side with one leg flexed
lithotomy position
on back with legs flexed on abdomen, thighs apart
used for gyn and uro surgery
prone
facing down
prone jackknife
body facing down in V
used for anorectal surgery
sims position
on left side, leg drawn up and forward, left arm on back, chest forward resting on bed
kidney/uterine surgery, colon exam, enema
supine
lying face up
Trendelenburg position
supine, head lowered at 45 degrees
pelvic/abdominal surgery, treatment of shock
abdominal cavity
ventral cavity below diaphragm, above pelvic
abdominopelvic cavity
between diaphragm and pelvis; ventral
cranial cavity
dorsal cavity, contains brain
diaphragm
separates thoracic and abdominal cavity
frontal plane
same as coronal; separates body into dorsal and ventral sections
peritoneum
serous membrane that lines abdominopelvic cavity and covers the organs inside it
spinal cavity
dorsal cavity that contains spinal cord
thoracic cavity
ventral cavity above diaphragm
cephal/o
head
cervic/o
neck
thorac/o
chest, thorax
abdomin/o
abdomence
celi/o
abdomen
lapar/o
abdominal wall
lumb/o
lumbar region, lower back
periton/peritone/o
peritoneum
acro
extremity, end
brachi/o
arm
dactyl/o
finger, toe
ped/o
foot
pod/o
foot
circum-
around
peri-
around
intra-
in, within
epi-
on, over
extra-
outside
infra-
below
sub-
below, under
inter-
between
juxta-
near, beside
para-
near, beside
retro-
behind, backward
supra-
above
digit
finger or toe
epigastrum
epigastric region
fundus
base or body of hollow organ, area of organ farthest from opening
hypochondrium
hypochondriac region
lumen
central opening of tube or hollow organ
meatus
passage/opening
orifice
opening of cavity
os
mouth, any body opening
septum
wall dividing two cavities
sinus
cavity (within bone)
sphincter
circular muscular that regulates opening
