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BIO-2015/2016 > Chapter 18 Review Handout > Flashcards

Chapter 18 Review Handout Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the difference between taxonomy and phylogeny?

A

Phylogeny- the study of evolutionary relationship history between a species or groups of species. CLASSIFYING ORGANUSMS
Taxonomy- the branch of biology that names and groups organisms according to their characteristics and evolutionary history.

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2
Q

What is the difference between a kingdom and species?

A

Kingdom- the first group in the hierarchial categories by Linnaeus
Species- the last group ^ ^

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3
Q

What is the difference between a phylum and division?

A

Phylum- a division of a kingdom for anything but plants

Divison- a division of a kingdom for plants

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4
Q

What is the difference between a species name and species identifer?

A

Species name- genus plus species identifier

Species identifier- second word in a species name (lowercase)

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5
Q

What is the difference between varieties and subspecies?

A

Varieties- a third name for plants

Subspecies- a third name for animals

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6
Q

Aristotle classified animals on the basis of?

A

Where they lived

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7
Q

The main criterion used in Linnaeus’s system of classification is an organism’s?

A

Morphology

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8
Q

Each subset within a class of organisms is called

A

an order

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9
Q

In the scientific name of an organisms, the first part is the

A

genus

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10
Q

The species name of the lion is

A

Panthera leo

Italics, first upercase, second lowercase

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11
Q

How were the calssification systems of Aristotle and Linnaeus similar?

A

Aristotle and Linnaeus both classified living things based on their similar characteristics.
GROUPED INTO PLANTS AND ANIMALS AND USED STEM MORPHOLOGY

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12
Q

The word part bi means two and the word part nomen means name. Explain how these word parts relate to the system scientists use to identify organisms.

A

This relates becasue the species name has two parts: the genus and the species identifier.

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13
Q

How does the classification process used by modern taxonomists differ from that used by Linnaeus?

A

The classification process now includes a third name, variety (plants) and subspecies (animals) to further classify significant cariations in species.
TAXONOMISTS- EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY WITH DNA
LINNAEUS- MORPHOLOGY

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14
Q

Explain why Aristotle’s system of classifying animals is no longer used by biologists. Use examples from the animal kingdom to support your anser.

A

It is no logner used becasue he classified things into plants and animals but many forms of living things are neither. Now, there are bacteria, fungi, and protista included.
AS HE CLASSIFIED THINGS AS LAND, SEA, OR AIR DWELLERS THAT DOES NOT WORK BECAUSE THERE IS AN OVERLAP. SOME THINGS ARE BOTH LIKE PENGUINS.

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15
Q

What are the seven levels of organization in Linnaeus’s system of classifying organisms?

A 
kingdom
phylum (division)
class
order
family
genus
species

Example of kingdom would be plantae.

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16
Q

What are systemics?

A

The branch of biology that organuzes the tremendous diversity of living things with the context of evolution.

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17
Q

What is a phylogenetic tree?

A

A family tree that shows the evolutionary relations thought to exist among a group of organisms based on their morphology.

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18
Q

What are claudistics?

A

Classification of organisms that uses certain features called derived characteristics.

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19
Q

What is the difference between a phylogenetic tree and a claudogram?

A

Phylogenetic trees show evolutionary time and amount of change.

20
Q

The legs of insects and the legs of mammals are?

a. derived characters
b. homologous structures
c. suggest descent from a common ancestor
d. evolved independently in the two groups

A

d

21
Q

Examination of embryological patterns of development reveals that
a. the blastpore becomes the same end of the digestive system in echinoderms and mollusks
b. each cell in the embryo of an echinoderm or vertebrate has the potential to form an entire organism
c. echinoderms are more closely related to arthropods than to vertebrates
d vertebrates are more closely related to mollusks than to echnioderms

A

b

22
Q

The molecular-clock model of evolutionary relationships is based on the assumption that changes in amino acid dequence

a. are not random
b. are affected by natural selection
c. are greater in species with more distant common ancestors
d. occur at different rates in different organisms

A

d

23
Q

One example of a derived character is provided by the

a. feathers of birds
b. legs of birds
c. legs of insects
d. chromosomes of chimpanzees

A

a

24
Q

Claudistic taxonomists estbalish evolutionary relationships among organisms by examining the organisms

a. morphological similarities
b. analogous structures
c. homologous chromosomes
d. shared derived characteristics

A

d

25
Q

List four types of evidence used by systematic taxonomists to construct phylogenetic trees

A

1) Morphology
2) Fossil Record
3) Chromosomes and Macromolecules
4) Embryological Development

26
Q

What is a blastopore, and how is it used to indicate evolutionary realtionships?

A

A small indentation that developes on the outside of the blastula wher eit forms hows where the organism evolved from.
THE PHYLA MAY APPEAR VERY EARLY IN EMBRYOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT AND AS DEVELOPMENT BEGINS, THE ZYGOTE BEGINS TO DIVIDE MY MITOSIS. A BALL OF CELLS, CALLED A BLASTULA, FORMS. SOON AFTER, A SMALL INDENTATION, THE BLASTOPORE DEVELOPES ON THE OUTSIDE OF THE BLASTULA. EVENTUALLY IT WILL DEVELOPE INTO THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. IN MOST ANIMAL PHYLA, THE BLASTOPORE BECOMES THE ANTERIOR END OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM (THE MOUTH) BUT IN ECHINODERMS AND CARDATES, IT BECOMES THE POSTERIOR END.

27
Q

How do shared derived characters help cladistic taxonomist determine phylogenetic relationships?

A

It helps scientists determine the evolutionary history of species. Species that share the most derived characteristics are most closely related.

28
Q

3 characteristics of Archaebacteria:

A

Unicellular, prokaryotic, autrotroph and heterotroph

29
Q

Eubacteria:

A

Unicellular, prokaryotic, autotroph and heterotroph

30
Q

Protists:

A

Multicellular and Unicellular, Eukaryotic, Heterotrophic and Autotrophic

31
Q

Fungi:

A

Multicellular and Unicellular, Eukaryotic, Heterotrophic

32
Q

Plantae:

A

Multicellular, Eukaryotic, Autotrophic

33
Q

Animalia:

A

Multicellular, Eukaryotic, Heterotrophic

34
Q

The organisms that live in hostile environments that cannot support other forms of life are members of the kingdom

A

archeabacteria

35
Q

Amoebas and giant kelp belong to the kingdom

A

protista

36
Q

Mushrooms, puffballs, mildews, and molds belong to the kingdom

A

fungi

37
Q

The domain that includes the organisms that cause tooth decay and food poisoning is called

A

bacteria

38
Q

The domain that includes organisms with true nuclei and membrane-bound organelles is called

A

eukarya

39
Q

The domain Eukarya includes

A

protists, fungi, plants, and animals

40
Q

What characteristic distinguish archaebacteria from eubacteria?

A

Archae can live in extreme environments adn bacteria can not

41
Q

What characteristics distinguish fungi from plants?

A

Fungi can be both unicellular or multicellular and are heterotrophic while plantae are only multicellular and are autotrophic

42
Q

Which kingdoms include multicellular heterotrophic organisms?

A

Protists, fungi, and animalia

43
Q

WHat evidence led sceintists to develop the three-domain system of classification?

A

By comparing systems of RNA in different organisms; helps estimate how long ago theyshared a common ancestor.

44
Q

Another possible way to classify organisms would be to separate them into unicellular and multicellular organisms. Explain why this is not a useful calssification system?

A

This is not a useful classification system because protista and fungi are both.

45
Q

3 domain system:

6 kingdom system:

A

3 domain system: Bacteria, Archae, Eukary

6 kingdom system: Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

BIO-2015/2016 (32 decks)

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