Chapter 18- Classification Flashcards
What is taxonomy?
The branch of biology that names and groups organisms according to their characteristics and evolutionary history.
Who is Aristotle (how many years ago did he do what he did)?
A greek philsopher who, 2000 years ago, calssified living things as either plants or animals.
What groups did Aristotle create? How did he classify plants or animals rather.
Animals: land dwellers or air dwellers or water dwellers
Plants: Three categories based on their stems.
What did biologists realize about Aristotles categories as modern science developed?
That they were inadequate and they also found that using a common name varied from one local to the next and that they might not describe a species accurately from language ot language.
What did Caralour Linnaeus want?
He responded for the need for oraginaztion by devising a system of grouping organisms into hierarchial categories.
When did Linaeus live from?
1707-1778
How did he categorize organisms?
Based on their morphology
What are Linnaeus’ groups?
Kingdom Phylum (Divison) Class Order Family Genus Species
KPCOFGS
Kings play chess on fat guy’s stomachs
What two names do organisms have?
A common name and a scientific name
Do organisms usually have more than one scientific name?
Not usually
Who was binomial nomenclature developed by?
Linnaeus
What are the three rules of the Binomial Nomenclature?
1) written in italics (or underlined)
2) 1st word is capitalized- genus
3) 2nd word is lowercase- species identifier
Species (or scientific) name=
genus + species identifier
Species names may___the organism, honor a ___, or it may suggest the___range of the organism.
- describe
- person
- geographical
What did botanists split species of plants into?
Subsets known as varieties. The variety name follows the species identifier.
What is a subspecies in animals?
Zoologists refer to variations of species that occur in different geographic areas. The subspecies name follows the species identifier.
What is an example of plant varieties?
Nectarines are a slightly different variety of the peach tree, Prunus persica
Peaches- Prunus persica
Nectarines- Prunus persica nucipersica
What is an example of animal subspecies?
Brown Bear- Urus arctos
Kodiac Bear- Ursus arctos middendorffi
T or F: Animals with the same common name can actually be members of different species?
True
T or F: Scientists use common names to avoid confusion or error.
False
T or F: Organisms with similar evolutionary history are classified separately.
False
T or F: The scientific name gives descriptive information about the species.
True
T or F: Ursus arctos horribilis is the scientific name for the grizzly bear.
True
Aristotle classified organisms as either___or___ but today we recognize that many forms are neither.
plants or animals
A classification system based on five kingdoms has been used since what year? What did it include just one kingdom for?
- 1969
- bacteria (Monera)
What was recently discovered about bacteria?
THat there are two important subtypes of bacteria with different morphologies and properties.
Organisms are placed into the kingdoms based on what three characteristics?
1) Number of Cells (unicellular or multicellular)
2) Cell Type (prokaryotic or eukaryotic)
3) Form of Nutrition (autotroph {chemosynthesis or photosynthesis}, or heterotroph)
Archaebacteria # of Cells: Nutrition: Cell Type: Example:
unicellular
autotrophic (chemosynthesis) and heterotroph
Prokaryotic
extremophiles
Eubacteria # of cells Nutrition Cell type example
unicellular
autotroph or heterotroph
prokaryotic
bacteria, E. colo
Protists # of cells nutrition cell type examples
Unicellular or multicellular
autrotroph and heterotroph
eukaryotic
euglena, amoebas
Fungi # of cells nutrition cell type example
unicellular or multicellular
heterotroph
eukaryotic
mold- neurospora
Plantae # of cells nutrition cell type example
multicellular
autrotrophic mostly
eukaryotic
ferns
Animalia # of cells nutrition cell type example
multicellular
heterotrophic
eukaryotic
dog
What characteristics wouldhelp you determine in which kingdom it belonged?
The characterists would be the number or cells it has and its cell type.
What kind of organisms are classified in the former kingdom Monera?
Bacteria (Archaebacteria, Eubacteria)
List three ways bacteria can get their food energy.
1) chemosynthesis
2) photosynthesis
3) consuming their food
What single characteristic separates the two bacteria kingdoms from all the other kingdoms?
They are prokaryotic
What characteristic do most protistans share with bacteria?
That they are mostly unicellular
What are the three main divisions of the kingdom protista?
1) protoza (animal-like)
2) algae (plant-like)
3) fungi-like
Animal and Fungi Kingdoms share these three characteristics:
1) multicellular
2) heterotrophs
3) eukaryotic
Plant and Fungi Kingdoms share these two characteristics:
1) multicellular
2) eukaryotic
Plant, Fungi, and Animal Kingdoms all share this characteristic:
1) Multicellular
Show the Three-Domain System versus the Six-Kingdom Domain System.
Six-Kingdom System: Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protists, Plantae, Fungi, Animalia
Three-Domain System: Eubacteria, Archaebactera, Eukary
What are systematics?
Organizes the tremendous diversity of living things in the context of evolution. Systemic taxonomists use several lines of evidence to construct a phylogenic tree.
What is a phylogenic tree?
A family three that shows the evolutionary relationships thought to exist among groups of organisms.
How may scientists decide where an organisms belongs on a phylogenetic tree?
An organisms morphology with respect to the morphology of similar antcestral species, it phrphology with that of living organisms. Patterns or embryological development may provide further clues of phylogenetic relationships.
What is the fossil record?
Provides clues to evolutionary relationships, but cannot be read like ahistory book.
Some organisms have fairly___fossil records, while some have___fossil record.
complete
incomplete
Why do taxonomists study the morphology of organisms?
They study it and compare it with the morphology of other living organisms. It is essential to seperate those features that are tryly homologous from those that seem homologous.
What is embryology and why is it important? What can early patterns in embryolical development show?
Early patterns in embryological development provide evidence of phylogenetic relationships. They also provide means of testing hypotheses about relationships that have been developed from other lines of evidence.
How do taxonomists use macromolecules?
They use comparisons of macromolecules such as DNA, RNA, and proteins as a kind of molecular clock. For example, scientists compare amino acid differences as a clue to to how long ago two species diverged from a shared ecolutionary ancestorer.
How do taxonomists use chromosomes?
Compare patterns of chromosomes of two related species. Regions of chromosomes tha have the same pattern of banding are clues to the degree of relatedness of organisms.
What are claudistics?
A relatively new system of phylogenetic classification. Uses certain features of organisms called shared derived characteristics to establish evolutionary relationships.
What is a derived character? Are they strong evidence of common ancestory?
A feature tha apparently evolved only within the group under consideration. For example, if the group being considered is birds, one example of a derived character is feathers. Most animals do not have feathers; birds are the only animals that do. So it is safe to assume that feathers evolved within the bird group and were not inherited from some distant ancestor of the birds. Claudistic taxonomists agree that organisms that share a derived character probably share it becasue they inherited ir from a common ancestor. Derived characters are strong evidence of common ancestory.
What is a claudogram?
Ancestry diagrams made by means of claudistic analysis.
How can embryological evidence be used ot show phylogenetic relationships that are not evident from either the study of morphology or the study of the fossil record?
DIfference among phyla may appear very early in embryological development. Happens in chordates (backbone) and echinoderms (star fish).
What are two flaws in the molecular clock model?
It assumes that all changes in amino acid dequences are random and not affected by natural selection, and that sequences of amino acids can change at different rates in different organisms
(for the second one what needs to happen is that homologous proteins will not (?) change at the same rate)
Why does the claudistic approach to classification suggest that the class reptilia is not a phylogenetic classification?
Because reptiles did not all spring from one common ancestor but are rather a composite of several branches that have offured during the evolution of the vertebrae.
Do claudograms show direct evolutionary relationships?
Doesn’t shoe direct evolutionary relationships.
