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A&P > chapter 15 > Flashcards

chapter 15 Flashcards

1
Q

3 ways hormones can interact on target cells

A

permissiveness
synergism
antagonism

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2
Q

permissiveness

A

one hormone cannot exert is effects without another hormone being present

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3
Q

synergism

A

more than one hormone produces the same effects on a target cell

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4
Q

antagonism

A

one or more hormones opposes the action of another hormone

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5
Q

3 factors that target cell activation depends on

A

Blood levels of the hormone.
Number of receptors on or in the target cell.
Affinity of binding between receptor and hormone.

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6
Q

Up-regulation

A

target cells form more receptors in response to the hormone

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7
Q

Down-regulation

A

target cells lose receptors in response to the hormone

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8
Q

Autocrines

A

exert effects on the same cells that secrete them

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9
Q

Paracrines

A

(tissue hormones) act locally and affect cells other than those that secrete them

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10
Q

Steroids

A

Synthesized from cholesterol. Gonadal and adrenocortical hormones

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11
Q

Lipid-soluble hormones

A

act on intracellular receptors that directly activate genes

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12
Q

Half-life

A

The time required for a hormone’s blood level to decrease by half

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13
Q

Humoral stimuli

A

Changing blood levels of ions and nutrients directly stimulates secretion of hormones

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14
Q

Neural stimuli

A

Nerve fibers stimulate hormone release

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15
Q

Hormonal stimuli

A

Hormones stimulate other endocrine organs to release their hormones

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16
Q

Center for emotional response and control center for functions such as blood pressure, body temperature, and water balance

A

Hypothalamus

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17
Q

hormone in charge of water balance in the body

A

Antidiuretic Hormone

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18
Q

Hormone involved in appetite control

A

leptin

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19
Q

3 ways hormones are removed from the body

A

Enzymatic degradation
Metabolism in liver
Excretion through the kidneys

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20
Q

Cells that produce growth hormone

A

Somatotrophs

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21
Q

Cells that produce prolactin

A

Lactotrophs

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22
Q

Antagonist to parathyroid hormone

A

Calcitonin

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23
Q

Cells that produce calcitonin

A

Parafollicular cells

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24
Q

Lack of TH leads to what?

A

Cretinism

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25
What hypersecretion of TH leads to
Hyperthyroidism or Graves' disease
26
Another name for parathyroid hormone
Parathormone
27
What inhibits PTH release?
Normal or high Calcium blood levels
28
Another name for the adrenal glands
Suprarenal glands
29
Most important mineralocorticoid
Aldosterone
30
3 layers of the adrenal cortex from outer to inner
Zona glomerulosa Zona fasciculata Zona reticularis
31
What is released in response to ACTH release?
Glucocorticoids
32
Major glucocorticoid in the body
Cortisol
33
Gonadocorticoids
Sex hormones
34
Which cells secrete epinephrine
Chromaffine
35
99% of the pancreas
Exocrine acinar cells that produce digestive enzymes
36
2 hormones produces by the kidneys
Renin and erythropoietin
37
What produces leptin
adipose tissue
38
Precursor of vitamin D
Cholecalciferol
39
Hormone that signal the production of red blood cells
Erythropoietin
40
what secretes osteocalcin?
Osteoblasts
41
hormone that initiates the renin-angiotensin mechanism
Renin
42
which cells secrete prolactin?
lactotrophs
43
what does the body do in response to an increased osmolarity?
it releases ADH
44
posterior lobe of the pituitary gland
neurohypophysis
45
anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
adenohypophysis
46
function of the posterior pituitary gland
stores and releases oxytocin and ADH
47
function of the anterior pituitary
produces and released 6 protein hormones
48
master gland of the endocrine system
anterior pituitary
49
hormones produced by the anterior pituitary gland
``` Growth hormone (GH) Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or thyrotropin Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Luteinizing hormone (LH) Prolactin (PRL) ```
50
which part of the pituitary gland is part of the diencephalon?
posterior pituitary
51
function of growth hormone
- Stimulates most cells, but targets bone and skeletal muscle - Promotes protein synthesis and encourages use of fats for fuel
52
what does hypersecretion of GH cause in adults?
acromegaly
53
what does hypersecretion of GH cause in children?
gigantism
54
which cells produce TSH?
thyrotrophs of the anterior pituitary
55
function of TSH
Stimulates the normal development and secretory activity of the thyroid
56
which cells secrete ACTH
corticotrophs of the anterior pituitary
57
which hormone stimulates gamete production?
FSH
58
hormone that promotes production of gonadal hormones
LH
59
what FSH and LH are collectively called
gonadotrophins
60
constant high levels of TSH leads to a visible increase in the size of the thyroid gland, which is called...?
a goiter
61
when target cells lose receptors in response to the hormone
down regulation
62
when target cells form more receptors in response to the hormone
up regulation
63
hormone sensitive cells
target cells
64
lipid soluble hormones derived from cholesterol
steroids
65
what controls the anterior pituitary gland?
action of hypothalmic hormones
66
hormone that lowers blood calcium levels
calcitonin
67
What triggers the release of ACTH?
CRH
68
insufficient production of TH
hypothyroidism

A&P (25 decks)

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