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A&P > chapter 15 > Flashcards

chapter 15 Flashcards

1
Q

3 ways hormones can interact on target cells

A

permissiveness
synergism
antagonism

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2
Q

permissiveness

A

one hormone cannot exert is effects without another hormone being present

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3
Q

synergism

A

more than one hormone produces the same effects on a target cell

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4
Q

antagonism

A

one or more hormones opposes the action of another hormone

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5
Q

3 factors that target cell activation depends on

A

Blood levels of the hormone.
Number of receptors on or in the target cell.
Affinity of binding between receptor and hormone.

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6
Q

Up-regulation

A

target cells form more receptors in response to the hormone

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7
Q

Down-regulation

A

target cells lose receptors in response to the hormone

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8
Q

Autocrines

A

exert effects on the same cells that secrete them

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9
Q

Paracrines

A

(tissue hormones) act locally and affect cells other than those that secrete them

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10
Q

Steroids

A

Synthesized from cholesterol. Gonadal and adrenocortical hormones

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11
Q

Lipid-soluble hormones

A

act on intracellular receptors that directly activate genes

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12
Q

Half-life

A

The time required for a hormone’s blood level to decrease by half

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13
Q

Humoral stimuli

A

Changing blood levels of ions and nutrients directly stimulates secretion of hormones

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14
Q

Neural stimuli

A

Nerve fibers stimulate hormone release

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15
Q

Hormonal stimuli

A

Hormones stimulate other endocrine organs to release their hormones

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16
Q

Center for emotional response and control center for functions such as blood pressure, body temperature, and water balance

A

Hypothalamus

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17
Q

hormone in charge of water balance in the body

A

Antidiuretic Hormone

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18
Q

Hormone involved in appetite control

A

leptin

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19
Q

3 ways hormones are removed from the body

A

Enzymatic degradation
Metabolism in liver
Excretion through the kidneys

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20
Q

Cells that produce growth hormone

A

Somatotrophs

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21
Q

Cells that produce prolactin

A

Lactotrophs

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22
Q

Antagonist to parathyroid hormone

A

Calcitonin

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23
Q

Cells that produce calcitonin

A

Parafollicular cells

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24
Q

Lack of TH leads to what?

A

Cretinism

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25
Q

What hypersecretion of TH leads to

A

Hyperthyroidism or Graves’ disease

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26
Q

Another name for parathyroid hormone

A

Parathormone

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27
Q

What inhibits PTH release?

A

Normal or high Calcium blood levels

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28
Q

Another name for the adrenal glands

A

Suprarenal glands

29
Q

Most important mineralocorticoid

A

Aldosterone

30
Q

3 layers of the adrenal cortex from outer to inner

A

Zona glomerulosa
Zona fasciculata
Zona reticularis

31
Q

What is released in response to ACTH release?

A

Glucocorticoids

32
Q

Major glucocorticoid in the body

A

Cortisol

33
Q

Gonadocorticoids

A

Sex hormones

34
Q

Which cells secrete epinephrine

A

Chromaffine

35
Q

99% of the pancreas

A

Exocrine acinar cells that produce digestive enzymes

36
Q

2 hormones produces by the kidneys

A

Renin and erythropoietin

37
Q

What produces leptin

A

adipose tissue

38
Q

Precursor of vitamin D

A

Cholecalciferol

39
Q

Hormone that signal the production of red blood cells

A

Erythropoietin

40
Q

what secretes osteocalcin?

A

Osteoblasts

41
Q

hormone that initiates the renin-angiotensin mechanism

A

Renin

42
Q

which cells secrete prolactin?

A

lactotrophs

43
Q

what does the body do in response to an increased osmolarity?

A

it releases ADH

44
Q

posterior lobe of the pituitary gland

A

neurohypophysis

45
Q

anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

A

adenohypophysis

46
Q

function of the posterior pituitary gland

A

stores and releases oxytocin and ADH

47
Q

function of the anterior pituitary

A

produces and released 6 protein hormones

48
Q

master gland of the endocrine system

A

anterior pituitary

49
Q

hormones produced by the anterior pituitary gland

A 
Growth hormone (GH)
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or thyrotropin
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Prolactin (PRL)
50
Q

which part of the pituitary gland is part of the diencephalon?

A

posterior pituitary

51
Q

function of growth hormone

A
  • Stimulates most cells, but targets bone and skeletal muscle
  • Promotes protein synthesis and encourages use of fats for fuel
52
Q

what does hypersecretion of GH cause in adults?

A

acromegaly

53
Q

what does hypersecretion of GH cause in children?

A

gigantism

54
Q

which cells produce TSH?

A

thyrotrophs of the anterior pituitary

55
Q

function of TSH

A

Stimulates the normal development and secretory activity of the thyroid

56
Q

which cells secrete ACTH

A

corticotrophs of the anterior pituitary

57
Q

which hormone stimulates gamete production?

A

FSH

58
Q

hormone that promotes production of gonadal hormones

A

LH

59
Q

what FSH and LH are collectively called

A

gonadotrophins

60
Q

constant high levels of TSH leads to a visible increase in the size of the thyroid gland, which is called…?

A

a goiter

61
Q

when target cells lose receptors in response to the hormone

A

down regulation

62
Q

when target cells form more receptors in response to the hormone

A

up regulation

63
Q

hormone sensitive cells

A

target cells

64
Q

lipid soluble hormones derived from cholesterol

A

steroids

65
Q

what controls the anterior pituitary gland?

A

action of hypothalmic hormones

66
Q

hormone that lowers blood calcium levels

A

calcitonin

67
Q

What triggers the release of ACTH?

A

CRH

68
Q

insufficient production of TH

A

hypothyroidism

A&P (25 decks)

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