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A&P > Chapter 12 Part 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Perceptual detection

A

The ability to detect a stimulus

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2
Q

Magnitude estimation

A

The intensity is coded in the frequency of impulses

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3
Q

Spatial discrimination

A

Identification of the site or pattern of the stimulus

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4
Q

Feature abstraction

A

Identification of more complex aspects and several stimulus properties

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5
Q

Quality descrimintation

A

The ability to identify sub-modalities of a sensation, such as sweet or sour

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6
Q

Pattern recognition

A

The recognition of familiar or significant patterns in a stimuli

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7
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

Respond to touch, pressure, vibration, stretch, and itch

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8
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

Sensitive to changes in tempurature.

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9
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Responds to chemicals, (smell and taste)

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10
Q

Nociceptors

A

Pain receptors sensitive to pain-causing stimuli, such as extreme heat or cold

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11
Q

Extroceptors

A

Respond to stimuli arising outside the body

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12
Q

sensation

A

the awareness of changes in the internal and external environment

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13
Q

perception

A

the conscious interpretation of those stimuli

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14
Q

aspects of sensory perception

A 
perceptual detection
magnitude estimation
spatial discrimination
feature abstraction
quality discrimination
pattern recognition
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15
Q

receptors classed by stimulus

A 
mechanoreceptors
thermoreceptors
photoreceptors
chemoreceptors
nociceptors
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16
Q

receptors classed by location

A

exteroceptors
interoceptors
propioceptors

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17
Q

interoceptors

A

respond to stimuli arising in internal viscera and blood vessels

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18
Q

another word for interoceptors

A

visceroceptors

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19
Q

proprioceptors

A

respond to strech in skeletal muscles, tendons, joints, ligaments, and connective tissue covering bones and muscles

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20
Q

3 levels of sensory integration

A

receptor level
circuit level
perceptual level

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21
Q

5 accessory structure of the eye

A 
eyebrows
eyelids
conjunctiva
lacrimal apparatus
extrinsic eye muscles
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22
Q

conjunctiva

A

transparent mucous membrane covering the anterior part of the eye

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23
Q

what does the lacrimal appartatus consist of?

A

lacrimal or tear gland and a duct system

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24
Q

6 extrinsic eye muscles

A

4 rectus muscles

2 oblique muscles

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25
layers of the wall of the eyeball
fibrous, vascular, and sensory
26
the site where the nerve leaves the eyeball
optic disc
27
another word for the optic disc
blind spot
28
rods
provide indistinct, fuzzy, non-color peripheral vision in dim light
29
cones
provide high-acuity color vision in bright light
30
where does the retina receive its blood supply?
the choroid
31
when a lens becomes denser, more convex, and less elastic with age
presbyopia
32
above average eye pressure
glaucoma
33
clouding of the lens which interferes with the passage of the light through the lens
cataract
34
function of phasic of fast adapting receptors
signal the begining or end of a stimulus
35
tonic receptors
adapt slowly or not at all
36
two regions of the fibrous layer
sclera and cornea
37
sclera
forms the white of the eye, protects and shapes the eyeball, and anchors the extrinsic eye muscles
38
cornea
a transparent layer that lets the light into the eye.
39
what region of the eye has a hgih density of pain receptors that initiate blink and tearing reflexes when irritated
cornea
40
pigmented middle layer of the eye
uvea or vascular layer
41
posterior part of the uvea
choroid
42
forms a ring surrounding the lense
ciliary body
43
what do ciliary muscles do?
regulate the tension of the ciliary zonule
44
what does the ciliary zonule do?
holds the lens in position
45
most anterior part of the eye
iris
46
secretes aqueous humor into the intraocular cavity
ciliary processes
47
regulates the amount light that enters the eye
pupil
48
what do the glands associated with the lid do?
secrete lubricant and prevent the eyelids from sticking together
49
receptor level
the sensor receptors
50
circuit level
ascending pathways
51
perceptual level
neuronal circuits in the cerebral cortex
52
receptor potential
stimulus energy converted into a graded potential
53
classification of receptors by structural complexity
complex receptors | simple receptors
54
complex receptors
(special sense organs) | Vision, hearing, equilibrium, smell, and taste
55
Simple receptors
``` general senses Tactile sensations (touch, pressure, stretch, vibration), temperature, pain, and muscle sense ```
56
categories of simple receptors
Unencapsulated (free) or encapsulated dendritic endings
57
Unencapsulated receptors
- Thermoreceptors - Cold receptors - Heat receptors - Nociceptors - Light touch receptors
58
encapsulated receptors
``` Meissner’s (tactile) corpuscles Pacinian (lamellated) corpuscles Ruffini endings Muscle spindles Golgi tendon organs ```
59
what supplies oxygen and nutrients to the lens and cornea?
aqueous humor
60
where are 70% of all sensory receptors located?
in the eye
61
receptor that informs the brain of the body's movements | location classification
proprioceptors
62
receptors that respond to stimuli arising in internal viscera and blood vessels (location classification)
interoceptors
63
receptors that respond to stimuli arising outside the body | location classification
exteroceptors
64
receptors found in most special sense organs | location classification
exteroceptors
65
receptors that respond to stretch in skeletal muscles, tendons, and joints (location classification)
propioceptors
66
receptors that are sensitive to chemical and temperature changes (location classification)
interoceptors
67
Receptors in the skin for touch, pressure, pain, and temperature (location classification)
exteroceptor
68
what does the retina store?
vitamin A
69
Myopia
Nearsightedness Eyeball is too long and the focal point is in front of the retina when we look into the distance so we are unable to focus the image
70
Hyperopia
Farsightedness | Focal point in behind the retina because the eyeball is too short
71
Astigmatism
Caused by unequal curvatures in different parts of the cornea or lens
72
Convergence
Medial rotation of the eyes
73
What causes night blindness?
A lack of rhodopsin due to a lack of vitamin A
74
Where are the high concentration of cones found?
Fovea centralis
75
What is the innermost sensory area called?
The retina
76
2 layers of the retina
Pigmented layer | Neural layer
77
Which layer of the retina has photoreceptors?
Neural layer
78
LASIK surgery can correct what disorder?
Myopia | Nearsightedness
79
How can farsightedness be corrected?
Convex lenses
80
What can be used to correct astigmatism?
Cylindrical lenses, corneal implants, laser procedures
81
what reabsorbs aqueous humor?
Scleral Venous Sinus | canal of schlemm
82
what elevates the eye?
superior rectus
83
what depresses the eye?
inferior rectus
84
meissner's tactile corpuscles
discriminative touch
85
pacinian corpuscles
deep pressure and vibration
86
Ruffini endings
deep continuous pressure
87
muscle spindles
muscle stretch
88
golgi tendon organs
stretch in tendons
89
joint kinesthetic receptors
stretch in joint capsules
90
which part of the conjunctiva covers the white of the eye
bulbar conjunctiva
91
what muscle liftes the upper eyelid
levator palpebrae
92
what fissure separates the eyelids
palpebral fissure
93
functions of the vitreous humor
transmits light supports posterior surface of the lens holds the retina in place contributes to pressure
94
a normal eye with 20/20 vision
emmetropic
95
muscles that control the pupil dialation
sphincter pupilae muscle | dilator pupilae muscle

A&P (25 decks)

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