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A&P > Chapter 12 Part 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Perceptual detection

A

The ability to detect a stimulus

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2
Q

Magnitude estimation

A

The intensity is coded in the frequency of impulses

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3
Q

Spatial discrimination

A

Identification of the site or pattern of the stimulus

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4
Q

Feature abstraction

A

Identification of more complex aspects and several stimulus properties

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5
Q

Quality descrimintation

A

The ability to identify sub-modalities of a sensation, such as sweet or sour

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6
Q

Pattern recognition

A

The recognition of familiar or significant patterns in a stimuli

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7
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

Respond to touch, pressure, vibration, stretch, and itch

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8
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

Sensitive to changes in tempurature.

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9
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Responds to chemicals, (smell and taste)

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10
Q

Nociceptors

A

Pain receptors sensitive to pain-causing stimuli, such as extreme heat or cold

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11
Q

Extroceptors

A

Respond to stimuli arising outside the body

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12
Q

sensation

A

the awareness of changes in the internal and external environment

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13
Q

perception

A

the conscious interpretation of those stimuli

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14
Q

aspects of sensory perception

A 
perceptual detection
magnitude estimation
spatial discrimination
feature abstraction
quality discrimination
pattern recognition
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15
Q

receptors classed by stimulus

A 
mechanoreceptors
thermoreceptors
photoreceptors
chemoreceptors
nociceptors
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16
Q

receptors classed by location

A

exteroceptors
interoceptors
propioceptors

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17
Q

interoceptors

A

respond to stimuli arising in internal viscera and blood vessels

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18
Q

another word for interoceptors

A

visceroceptors

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19
Q

proprioceptors

A

respond to strech in skeletal muscles, tendons, joints, ligaments, and connective tissue covering bones and muscles

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20
Q

3 levels of sensory integration

A

receptor level
circuit level
perceptual level

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21
Q

5 accessory structure of the eye

A 
eyebrows
eyelids
conjunctiva
lacrimal apparatus
extrinsic eye muscles
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22
Q

conjunctiva

A

transparent mucous membrane covering the anterior part of the eye

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23
Q

what does the lacrimal appartatus consist of?

A

lacrimal or tear gland and a duct system

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24
Q

6 extrinsic eye muscles

A

4 rectus muscles

2 oblique muscles

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25
Q

layers of the wall of the eyeball

A

fibrous, vascular, and sensory

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26
Q

the site where the nerve leaves the eyeball

A

optic disc

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27
Q

another word for the optic disc

A

blind spot

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28
Q

rods

A

provide indistinct, fuzzy, non-color peripheral vision in dim light

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29
Q

cones

A

provide high-acuity color vision in bright light

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30
Q

where does the retina receive its blood supply?

A

the choroid

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31
Q

when a lens becomes denser, more convex, and less elastic with age

A

presbyopia

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32
Q

above average eye pressure

A

glaucoma

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33
Q

clouding of the lens which interferes with the passage of the light through the lens

A

cataract

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34
Q

function of phasic of fast adapting receptors

A

signal the begining or end of a stimulus

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35
Q

tonic receptors

A

adapt slowly or not at all

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36
Q

two regions of the fibrous layer

A

sclera and cornea

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37
Q

sclera

A

forms the white of the eye, protects and shapes the eyeball, and anchors the extrinsic eye muscles

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38
Q

cornea

A

a transparent layer that lets the light into the eye.

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39
Q

what region of the eye has a hgih density of pain receptors that initiate blink and tearing reflexes when irritated

A

cornea

40
Q

pigmented middle layer of the eye

A

uvea or vascular layer

41
Q

posterior part of the uvea

A

choroid

42
Q

forms a ring surrounding the lense

A

ciliary body

43
Q

what do ciliary muscles do?

A

regulate the tension of the ciliary zonule

44
Q

what does the ciliary zonule do?

A

holds the lens in position

45
Q

most anterior part of the eye

A

iris

46
Q

secretes aqueous humor into the intraocular cavity

A

ciliary processes

47
Q

regulates the amount light that enters the eye

A

pupil

48
Q

what do the glands associated with the lid do?

A

secrete lubricant and prevent the eyelids from sticking together

49
Q

receptor level

A

the sensor receptors

50
Q

circuit level

A

ascending pathways

51
Q

perceptual level

A

neuronal circuits in the cerebral cortex

52
Q

receptor potential

A

stimulus energy converted into a graded potential

53
Q

classification of receptors by structural complexity

A

complex receptors

simple receptors

54
Q

complex receptors

A

(special sense organs)

Vision, hearing, equilibrium, smell, and taste

55
Q

Simple receptors

A 
general senses
Tactile sensations (touch, pressure, stretch, vibration), temperature, pain, and muscle sense
56
Q

categories of simple receptors

A

Unencapsulated (free) or encapsulated dendritic endings

57
Q

Unencapsulated receptors

A
  • Thermoreceptors
  • Cold receptors
  • Heat receptors
  • Nociceptors
  • Light touch receptors
58
Q

encapsulated receptors

A 
Meissner’s (tactile) corpuscles
Pacinian (lamellated) corpuscles
Ruffini endings
Muscle spindles 
Golgi tendon organs
59
Q

what supplies oxygen and nutrients to the lens and cornea?

A

aqueous humor

60
Q

where are 70% of all sensory receptors located?

A

in the eye

61
Q

receptor that informs the brain of the body’s movements

location classification

A

proprioceptors

62
Q

receptors that respond to stimuli arising in internal viscera and blood vessels
(location classification)

A

interoceptors

63
Q

receptors that respond to stimuli arising outside the body

location classification

A

exteroceptors

64
Q

receptors found in most special sense organs

location classification

A

exteroceptors

65
Q

receptors that respond to stretch in skeletal muscles, tendons, and joints
(location classification)

A

propioceptors

66
Q

receptors that are sensitive to chemical and temperature changes
(location classification)

A

interoceptors

67
Q

Receptors in the skin for touch, pressure, pain, and temperature
(location classification)

A

exteroceptor

68
Q

what does the retina store?

A

vitamin A

69
Q

Myopia

A

Nearsightedness
Eyeball is too long and the focal point is in front of the retina when we look into the distance so we are unable to focus the image

70
Q

Hyperopia

A

Farsightedness

Focal point in behind the retina because the eyeball is too short

71
Q

Astigmatism

A

Caused by unequal curvatures in different parts of the cornea or lens

72
Q

Convergence

A

Medial rotation of the eyes

73
Q

What causes night blindness?

A

A lack of rhodopsin due to a lack of vitamin A

74
Q

Where are the high concentration of cones found?

A

Fovea centralis

75
Q

What is the innermost sensory area called?

A

The retina

76
Q

2 layers of the retina

A

Pigmented layer

Neural layer

77
Q

Which layer of the retina has photoreceptors?

A

Neural layer

78
Q

LASIK surgery can correct what disorder?

A

Myopia

Nearsightedness

79
Q

How can farsightedness be corrected?

A

Convex lenses

80
Q

What can be used to correct astigmatism?

A

Cylindrical lenses, corneal implants, laser procedures

81
Q

what reabsorbs aqueous humor?

A

Scleral Venous Sinus

canal of schlemm

82
Q

what elevates the eye?

A

superior rectus

83
Q

what depresses the eye?

A

inferior rectus

84
Q

meissner’s tactile corpuscles

A

discriminative touch

85
Q

pacinian corpuscles

A

deep pressure and vibration

86
Q

Ruffini endings

A

deep continuous pressure

87
Q

muscle spindles

A

muscle stretch

88
Q

golgi tendon organs

A

stretch in tendons

89
Q

joint kinesthetic receptors

A

stretch in joint capsules

90
Q

which part of the conjunctiva covers the white of the eye

A

bulbar conjunctiva

91
Q

what muscle liftes the upper eyelid

A

levator palpebrae

92
Q

what fissure separates the eyelids

A

palpebral fissure

93
Q

functions of the vitreous humor

A

transmits light
supports posterior surface of the lens
holds the retina in place
contributes to pressure

94
Q

a normal eye with 20/20 vision

A

emmetropic

95
Q

muscles that control the pupil dialation

A

sphincter pupilae muscle

dilator pupilae muscle

A&P (25 decks)

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