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A&P > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

1
Q

3 connective tissue that enclose nerves

A

epineurium
perineurium
endoneurium

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2
Q

outermost tough fibrous sheath around nerves

A

epineurium

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3
Q

sheath that bundles nerve fibers into fascicles

A

perineurium

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4
Q

a loose connective tissue sheath that encloses single axons of nerves

A

endoneurium

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5
Q

2 types of ganglia

A

dorsal root ganglia

autonomic ganglia

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6
Q

nerve responsible for smell sensation

A

olfactory nerve (I)

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7
Q

nerve responsible for visual signals

A

optic nerve (II)

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8
Q

Which muscles is the oculomotor nerve (III) responsible for?

A

Rectus muscles
Inferior oblique
Levator palpebrae superioris

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9
Q

largest cranial nerve

A

trigeminal nerve (V)

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10
Q

what is the ophthatlmic nerve resposible for?

A 
cornea
skin of forehead
scalp
eyelids and nose
nasal cavity
paranasal sinuses
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11
Q

what do Autonomic ganglia contain?

A

bodies of pseudounipolar sensory neurons

connect receptors with the dorsal horn of the spinal cord

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12
Q

what do Dorsal root ganglia contain?

A

motor neurons that send axons to effector organs

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13
Q

what do axons do?

A

regenerate damaged parts

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14
Q

what bears gorwth-inhibiting proteins that prevent CNS fiber regeneration?

A

oligodendrocytes

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15
Q

where do the first 2 pairs of nerves arise from?

A

the diencephalon

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16
Q

layer that surrounds the entire spinal nerve?

A

epineurium

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17
Q

functions of the oculomotor nerve (III)

A

raising the eyelid
constricting the iris
controlling lens shape

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18
Q

which nerve innvervates the superior oblique muscle?

A

trochlear nerve (IV)

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19
Q

3 branches of the trigeminal nerve (V)

A

Ophthalmic (V1)
Maxillary (V2)
Mandibular (V3)

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20
Q

nerve that supplies cornea, skin of forehead, scalp, eyelids and nose, and mucosa of nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses

A

ophthalmic (V1)

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21
Q

nerve that supplies skin of the face over the maxilla, upper lip, and maxillary teeth, and mucosa of nose, maxillary sinus, and palate

A

Maxillary (V2)

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22
Q

nerve that supplies the skin over the mandible and lower lip, mandibular teeth, temporomandibular joint, and mucosa of mouth and anterior 2/3 of tongue

A

Mandibular (V3Mandibular (V3)

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23
Q

innverates the lateral rectus muscle

A

abducens nerve (VI)

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24
Q

the facial nerve (VII) sends parasympathetic impulses to which glands?

A

lacrimal, salivary glandsand glands of nose and palate

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25
Q

nerve responsible for hearing and equilibrium receptors

A

vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)

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26
Q

nerve responsible for swallowing and taste

A

glossopharynageal nerve (IX)

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27
Q

the only nerve that extends beyond the head and neck region

A

vagus nerve (X)

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28
Q

how many pairs of spinal nerves total?

A

31

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29
Q

how many cervical, thoracic,, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal nerves?

A 
8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal
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30
Q

Hilton’s Law

A

any nerve serving a muscle that produces movement at a joint also innervates the joint and the skin over the joint

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31
Q

levels of motor control

A

segmental level
projection level
precommand level

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32
Q

segmental level

A

The lowest level of the motor hierarchy

Controls locomotion and specific, oft-repeated motor activity

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33
Q

Projection level

A

Projection motor pathways keep higher command levels informed of what is happening

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34
Q

Precommand level

A
  • Regulate motor activity
  • Precisely start or stop movements
  • Coordinate movements with posture
  • Block unwanted movements
  • Monitor muscle tone
  • Perform unconscious planning and discharge in advance of willed movements
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35
Q

Dermatome

A

the area of skin innervated by the cutaneous branches of a single spinal nerve

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36
Q

the longest and thickest nerve in the body?

A

sciatic nerve

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37
Q

2 major branches of the lumbar plexus

A

femoral nerve

obturator nerve

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38
Q 
obturator nerve
(what it passes through and what it innervates)
A

passes through the obturator foreman to innervate the adductor muscles

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39
Q

femoral nerve

what it innervates

A

innervated the quadriceps muscle and the skin of the anterior thigh and medial surface of the leg

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40
Q

major nerves of the brachial plexus

A 
axillary nerve
musculocutaneous nerve
radial nerve
median nerve
ulnar nerve
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41
Q

axillary nerve

A

innervates the deltoid, teres minor, and skin and joint capsule of the shoulder

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42
Q

Musculocutaneous nerve

A

innervates the biceps brachii and brachialis and skin of lateral forearm

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43
Q

Median nerve

A

innervates the skin, most flexors and pronators in the forearm, and some intrinsic muscles of the hand

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44
Q

Ulnar nerve

A

supplies the flexor carpi ulnaris, part of the flexor digitorum profundus, most intrinsic muscles of the hand, and skin of medial aspect of hand

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45
Q

Radial nerve

A

innervates essentially all extensor muscles, supinators, and posterior skin of limb

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46
Q

where does the lumbar plexus arise from?

A

L1–L4

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47
Q

what is the brachial plexus formed by?

A

C5–C8 and T1

48
Q

what does the sciatic nerve innervate?

A

hamstring muscles, adductor magnus, and most muscles in the leg and foot

49
Q

which 2 nerves compose the sciatic nerve?

A

tibial and common fibular

50
Q

what the sacral plexus arises from

A

L4–S4

51
Q

which central rami form interlacing nerve networks called plexuses?

A

all except T2–T12

52
Q

major sensory nerve of the diaphragm

A

phrenic nerve

53
Q

what does the cervical plexus innervate?

A

skin and muscles of the neck, ear, back of head, and shoulders

54
Q

the 3 cranial nerves that supple the extrinsic eye muscles

A

oculomotor (III)
trochlear (IV)
Abducens (VI)

55
Q

the 3 cranial nerves that carry taste signals

A

facial (VI)
glossopharyngeal (IX)
vagus (X)

56
Q

the 3 cranial nerves which purely sensory function

A

olfactory (I)
optic (II)
vestibulocochlear (VIII)

57
Q

largest cranial nerve

A

trigeminal

58
Q

Chief motor nerves of the face with 5 major branches

A

Facial nerve

59
Q

Innervates part of the tongue and pharynx for swallowing, and provides parasympathetic fibers to the parotid salivary glands

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve

60
Q

Passes through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone

A

Olfactory nerve

61
Q

Innervates the superior oblique muscle

A

Trochlear

62
Q

Carries afferent fibers from the hearing and equilibrium receptors

A

Vestibulocochlear

63
Q

Innervates extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the tongue that contribute to swallowing and speech

A

Hypoglossal

64
Q

The only cranial nerves that extend beyond the head and neck region

A

Vagus

65
Q

Carries taste fibers from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue

A

Facial

66
Q

Fibers conduct taste and general sensory impulses from the pharynx

A

Vagus

67
Q

Most motor fibers are parasympathetic fibers that help regulate the activities of the heart, lungs, and abdominal viscera

A

Vagus

68
Q

Formed from ventral rootlets from the C1–C5 region of the spinal cord

A

Accessory

69
Q

Exits the skull via the hypoglossal canal

A

Hypoglossal nerve

70
Q

Purely sensory (visual) function

A

Optic nerve

71
Q

Fibers extend from the ventral midbrain through the superior orbital fissures to four extrinsic eye muscles

A

Oculomotor nerve

72
Q

Purely sensory (olfactory) function

A

Olfactory nerve

73
Q

Innervates the lateral rectus muscle

A

Abducens nerve

74
Q

where the optic nerve arises from

A

retinas

75
Q

Functions in raising the eyelid and directing the eyeball

A

Oculomotor nerve

76
Q

The mandibular nerve is one of its divisions

A

Trigeminal nerve

77
Q

Motor functions include facial expression

A

Facial nerve

78
Q

Sensory fibers carry impulses from thoracic and abdominal viscera

A

Vagus nerve

79
Q

innervates the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles

A

Accessory nerve

80
Q

Constricts the iris and controls lens shape

A

Oculomotor nerve

81
Q

Supplies motor fibers for mastication

A

Trigeminal nerve

82
Q

Relays parasympathetic impulses to lacrimal and salivary glands

A

Facial nerve

83
Q

Carries impulses from carotid chemoreceptors and baroreceptors

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve

84
Q

Sensory fibers carry impulses from taste buds of pharynx

A

Vagus nerve

85
Q

Rootlets pass into the cranium via each foramen magnum

A

Accessory nerve

86
Q

where does the olfactory nerve arise from?

A

the olfactory receptors of the nasal cavity

87
Q

Innervates the skin, most flexors and pronators in the forearm

A

Median nerve

88
Q

Innervates essentially all extensor muscles

A

Radial

89
Q

Joins the tibial nerve to form the sciatic nerve

A

Common fibular

90
Q

Supplies the skin of the lateral forearm

A

Musculocutaneous

91
Q

Supplies most intrinsic muscles of the hand

A

Ulnar

92
Q

Passes through the obturator foramen to innervate adductor muscles

A

Obturator

93
Q

Enters the palm through the carpal tunnel

A

Median

94
Q

which cranial nerves leave the cranial cavity through the superior orbital fissure?

A

oculomotor
trigeminal
trochlear
abducens

95
Q

which cranial nerves leave the cranial cavity through the jugular foramen?

A

glossopharyngeal
vagus
accessory

96
Q

cranial nerve responsible for visceral activity

A

vagus nerve

97
Q

“funny bone” is actually what nerve?

A

ulnar nerve

98
Q

knee jerk reflex is an example of what?

A

stretch reflex

99
Q

golgi tendon reflexes

A

produces muscle relaxation (lengthening) in response to tension

100
Q

FLEXOR (WITHDRAWAL) REFLEX

A

Initiated by a painful stimulus

101
Q

CROSSED-EXTENSOR REFLEX

A

Occurs with flexor reflexes in weight-bearing limbs to maintain balance

102
Q

SUPERFICIAL REFLEXES

A

Elicited by gentle cutaneous stimulation

103
Q

Babinski’s sign

A

dorsiflexion of hallux and fanning of toes

104
Q

Plantar reflex

A

downward flexion of the toes

105
Q

Abdominal reflexes

A

Cause contraction of abdominal muscles and movement of the umbilicus in response to stroking of the skin

106
Q

Spinal somatic reflexes

A

integration center is in the spinal cord

107
Q

Integration center

A

either monosynaptic or polysynaptic region within the CNS

108
Q

Central pattern generators

A

segmental circuits that activate networks of ventral horn neurons to stimulate specific groups of muscles

109
Q

what inhibits various motor centers under resting conditions

A

basal nuclei

110
Q

damage to this nerve causes wrist drop

A

radial nerve

111
Q

5 parts of the reflex arc

A 
sensor or receptor
sensory neuron
integration center
motor neuron
effector
112
Q

what do the rami segments t2-t12 do?

A

form intercoastal nerves that supply the muscles of the ribs, anterolateral thorazx and abdominal wall

113
Q

what does the dorsal root contain?

A

afferent fibers

114
Q

what does the ventral root contain?

A

efferent fibers

115
Q

where do the fibers of the trigeminal nerve come from?

A

pons

116
Q

what do schwann cells do to help regenerate peripheral nerves?

A

form a regeneration tube and secrete growth factors that entice axons to grow back

117
Q

cranial nerves that exit through the internal acoustic meatus

A

vestibulocochlear nerve

facial nerve

A&P (25 decks)

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