Chapter 13 Flashcards
1
Q
3 connective tissue that enclose nerves
A
epineurium
perineurium
endoneurium
2
Q
outermost tough fibrous sheath around nerves
A
epineurium
3
Q
sheath that bundles nerve fibers into fascicles
A
perineurium
4
Q
a loose connective tissue sheath that encloses single axons of nerves
A
endoneurium
5
Q
2 types of ganglia
A
dorsal root ganglia
autonomic ganglia
6
Q
nerve responsible for smell sensation
A
olfactory nerve (I)
7
Q
nerve responsible for visual signals
A
optic nerve (II)
8
Q
Which muscles is the oculomotor nerve (III) responsible for?
A
Rectus muscles
Inferior oblique
Levator palpebrae superioris
9
Q
largest cranial nerve
A
trigeminal nerve (V)
10
Q
what is the ophthatlmic nerve resposible for?
A
cornea skin of forehead scalp eyelids and nose nasal cavity paranasal sinuses
11
Q
what do Autonomic ganglia contain?
A
bodies of pseudounipolar sensory neurons
connect receptors with the dorsal horn of the spinal cord
12
Q
what do Dorsal root ganglia contain?
A
motor neurons that send axons to effector organs
13
Q
what do axons do?
A
regenerate damaged parts
14
Q
what bears gorwth-inhibiting proteins that prevent CNS fiber regeneration?
A
oligodendrocytes
15
Q
where do the first 2 pairs of nerves arise from?
A
the diencephalon
16
Q
layer that surrounds the entire spinal nerve?
A
epineurium
17
Q
functions of the oculomotor nerve (III)
A
raising the eyelid
constricting the iris
controlling lens shape
18
Q
which nerve innvervates the superior oblique muscle?
A
trochlear nerve (IV)
19
Q
3 branches of the trigeminal nerve (V)
A
Ophthalmic (V1)
Maxillary (V2)
Mandibular (V3)
20
Q
nerve that supplies cornea, skin of forehead, scalp, eyelids and nose, and mucosa of nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses
A
ophthalmic (V1)
21
Q
nerve that supplies skin of the face over the maxilla, upper lip, and maxillary teeth, and mucosa of nose, maxillary sinus, and palate
A
Maxillary (V2)
22
Q
nerve that supplies the skin over the mandible and lower lip, mandibular teeth, temporomandibular joint, and mucosa of mouth and anterior 2/3 of tongue
A
Mandibular (V3Mandibular (V3)
23
Q
innverates the lateral rectus muscle
A
abducens nerve (VI)
24
Q
the facial nerve (VII) sends parasympathetic impulses to which glands?
A
lacrimal, salivary glandsand glands of nose and palate
25
nerve responsible for hearing and equilibrium receptors
vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)
26
nerve responsible for swallowing and taste
glossopharynageal nerve (IX)
27
the only nerve that extends beyond the head and neck region
vagus nerve (X)
28
how many pairs of spinal nerves total?
31
29
how many cervical, thoracic,, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal nerves?
```
8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal
```
30
Hilton's Law
any nerve serving a muscle that produces movement at a joint also innervates the joint and the skin over the joint
31
levels of motor control
segmental level
projection level
precommand level
32
segmental level
The lowest level of the motor hierarchy
| Controls locomotion and specific, oft-repeated motor activity
33
Projection level
Projection motor pathways keep higher command levels informed of what is happening
34
Precommand level
- Regulate motor activity
- Precisely start or stop movements
- Coordinate movements with posture
- Block unwanted movements
- Monitor muscle tone
- Perform unconscious planning and discharge in advance of willed movements
35
Dermatome
the area of skin innervated by the cutaneous branches of a single spinal nerve
36
the longest and thickest nerve in the body?
sciatic nerve
37
2 major branches of the lumbar plexus
femoral nerve
| obturator nerve
38
```
obturator nerve
(what it passes through and what it innervates)
```
passes through the obturator foreman to innervate the adductor muscles
39
femoral nerve
| what it innervates
innervated the quadriceps muscle and the skin of the anterior thigh and medial surface of the leg
40
major nerves of the brachial plexus
```
axillary nerve
musculocutaneous nerve
radial nerve
median nerve
ulnar nerve
```
41
axillary nerve
innervates the deltoid, teres minor, and skin and joint capsule of the shoulder
42
Musculocutaneous nerve
innervates the biceps brachii and brachialis and skin of lateral forearm
43
Median nerve
innervates the skin, most flexors and pronators in the forearm, and some intrinsic muscles of the hand
44
Ulnar nerve
supplies the flexor carpi ulnaris, part of the flexor digitorum profundus, most intrinsic muscles of the hand, and skin of medial aspect of hand
45
Radial nerve
innervates essentially all extensor muscles, supinators, and posterior skin of limb
46
where does the lumbar plexus arise from?
L1–L4
47
what is the brachial plexus formed by?
C5–C8 and T1
48
what does the sciatic nerve innervate?
hamstring muscles, adductor magnus, and most muscles in the leg and foot
49
which 2 nerves compose the sciatic nerve?
tibial and common fibular
50
what the sacral plexus arises from
L4–S4
51
which central rami form interlacing nerve networks called plexuses?
all except T2–T12
52
major sensory nerve of the diaphragm
phrenic nerve
53
what does the cervical plexus innervate?
skin and muscles of the neck, ear, back of head, and shoulders
54
the 3 cranial nerves that supple the extrinsic eye muscles
oculomotor (III)
trochlear (IV)
Abducens (VI)
55
the 3 cranial nerves that carry taste signals
facial (VI)
glossopharyngeal (IX)
vagus (X)
56
the 3 cranial nerves which purely sensory function
olfactory (I)
optic (II)
vestibulocochlear (VIII)
57
largest cranial nerve
trigeminal
58
Chief motor nerves of the face with 5 major branches
Facial nerve
59
Innervates part of the tongue and pharynx for swallowing, and provides parasympathetic fibers to the parotid salivary glands
Glossopharyngeal nerve
60
Passes through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone
Olfactory nerve
61
Innervates the superior oblique muscle
Trochlear
62
Carries afferent fibers from the hearing and equilibrium receptors
Vestibulocochlear
63
Innervates extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the tongue that contribute to swallowing and speech
Hypoglossal
64
The only cranial nerves that extend beyond the head and neck region
Vagus
65
Carries taste fibers from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue
Facial
66
Fibers conduct taste and general sensory impulses from the pharynx
Vagus
67
Most motor fibers are parasympathetic fibers that help regulate the activities of the heart, lungs, and abdominal viscera
Vagus
68
Formed from ventral rootlets from the C1–C5 region of the spinal cord
Accessory
69
Exits the skull via the hypoglossal canal
Hypoglossal nerve
70
Purely sensory (visual) function
Optic nerve
71
Fibers extend from the ventral midbrain through the superior orbital fissures to four extrinsic eye muscles
Oculomotor nerve
72
Purely sensory (olfactory) function
Olfactory nerve
73
Innervates the lateral rectus muscle
Abducens nerve
74
where the optic nerve arises from
retinas
75
Functions in raising the eyelid and directing the eyeball
Oculomotor nerve
76
The mandibular nerve is one of its divisions
Trigeminal nerve
77
Motor functions include facial expression
Facial nerve
78
Sensory fibers carry impulses from thoracic and abdominal viscera
Vagus nerve
79
innervates the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles
Accessory nerve
80
Constricts the iris and controls lens shape
Oculomotor nerve
81
Supplies motor fibers for mastication
Trigeminal nerve
82
Relays parasympathetic impulses to lacrimal and salivary glands
Facial nerve
83
Carries impulses from carotid chemoreceptors and baroreceptors
Glossopharyngeal nerve
84
Sensory fibers carry impulses from taste buds of pharynx
Vagus nerve
85
Rootlets pass into the cranium via each foramen magnum
Accessory nerve
86
where does the olfactory nerve arise from?
the olfactory receptors of the nasal cavity
87
Innervates the skin, most flexors and pronators in the forearm
Median nerve
88
Innervates essentially all extensor muscles
Radial
89
Joins the tibial nerve to form the sciatic nerve
Common fibular
90
Supplies the skin of the lateral forearm
Musculocutaneous
91
Supplies most intrinsic muscles of the hand
Ulnar
92
Passes through the obturator foramen to innervate adductor muscles
Obturator
93
Enters the palm through the carpal tunnel
Median
94
which cranial nerves leave the cranial cavity through the superior orbital fissure?
oculomotor
trigeminal
trochlear
abducens
95
which cranial nerves leave the cranial cavity through the jugular foramen?
glossopharyngeal
vagus
accessory
96
cranial nerve responsible for visceral activity
vagus nerve
97
"funny bone" is actually what nerve?
ulnar nerve
98
knee jerk reflex is an example of what?
stretch reflex
99
golgi tendon reflexes
produces muscle relaxation (lengthening) in response to tension
100
FLEXOR (WITHDRAWAL) REFLEX
Initiated by a painful stimulus
101
CROSSED-EXTENSOR REFLEX
Occurs with flexor reflexes in weight-bearing limbs to maintain balance
102
SUPERFICIAL REFLEXES
Elicited by gentle cutaneous stimulation
103
Babinski’s sign
dorsiflexion of hallux and fanning of toes
104
Plantar reflex
downward flexion of the toes
105
Abdominal reflexes
Cause contraction of abdominal muscles and movement of the umbilicus in response to stroking of the skin
106
Spinal somatic reflexes
integration center is in the spinal cord
107
Integration center
either monosynaptic or polysynaptic region within the CNS
108
Central pattern generators
segmental circuits that activate networks of ventral horn neurons to stimulate specific groups of muscles
109
what inhibits various motor centers under resting conditions
basal nuclei
110
damage to this nerve causes wrist drop
radial nerve
111
5 parts of the reflex arc
```
sensor or receptor
sensory neuron
integration center
motor neuron
effector
```
112
what do the rami segments t2-t12 do?
form intercoastal nerves that supply the muscles of the ribs, anterolateral thorazx and abdominal wall
113
what does the dorsal root contain?
afferent fibers
114
what does the ventral root contain?
efferent fibers
115
where do the fibers of the trigeminal nerve come from?
pons
116
what do schwann cells do to help regenerate peripheral nerves?
form a regeneration tube and secrete growth factors that entice axons to grow back
117
cranial nerves that exit through the internal acoustic meatus
vestibulocochlear nerve
| facial nerve
