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Chapter 12 Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

5 taste sensations

A 
Sweet 
Sour
Salty
Bitter
Umami
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2
Q

Sweet

A

Sugars, saccharin, alcohol, and some amino acids

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3
Q

Sour

A

Hydrogen ions

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4
Q

Salty

A

Metal ions

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5
Q

Bitter

A

Mainly alkaloids such as quinine and nicotine

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6
Q

Umami

A

A meaty taste caused by amino acids glutamate and aspartame

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7
Q

Another word for smell

A

Olfaction

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8
Q

Another word for taste

A

Gustation

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9
Q

Types of cells in the roof of the nose

A

Receptor cells
Supporting cells
Basal cells

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10
Q

Substances that we smell

A

Odorants

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11
Q

Where are most of the receptors for taste?

A

On the anterior 2/3 of the tongue

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12
Q

3 kinds of papillae that carry taste buds

A

Fungiform
Foliate
Vallate

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13
Q

3 parts of the ear

A

Outer or external ear
Middle ear
Inner or internal ear

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14
Q

Taste bud

A

A flask-shaped structure with receptor cells

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15
Q

What is the middle ear also called?

A

Tympanic cavity

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16
Q

Tympanic cavity

A

small, air-filled, mucosa-lined cavity in the temporal bone

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17
Q

Function of inner ear

A

Hearing and balance

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18
Q

Three parts of the bony labyrinth

A

Cochlea, vestibule, semicircular canals

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19
Q

where are basal cells located on the basal epithelium?

A

at the base of the epithelium

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20
Q

where are the supporting cells on the basal epithelium?

A

surround and cushion the receptor cells

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21
Q

function of olfactory glands

A

produce fluid that helps dissolve the odorants plus watch them away so the olfactory cilia are ready for the next odorant

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22
Q

Ear crystals

A

Also called otoliths
CaCO stones
Don’t do anything

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23
Q

What do changes of the position of the head do to the inner ear?

A

Leads to movement of the otolithic membrane

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24
Q

Which receptor do ototholiths activate?

A

Maculae

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25
what part of the ear is involved with both hearing and balance?
the inner ear (labyrinth)
26
two muscles that make sure the tension on the eardrum is adjusted to the sound pressure
tensor tympani and stapedius
27
3 parts of the external ear
Pinna external acoustic meatus Tympanic membrane
28
another word for the external acoustic meatus
auditory canal
29
another word for the tympanic membrane
eardrum
30
what does the tympanic membrane do in response to sound?
vibrates and transfers sound energy to the bones of the middle ear
31
conduction deafness
blocked sound conduction to the fluids of the internal ear
32
what does balance and equilibrium rely on?
signals from vestibular, visual, and somatic receptors
33
where are receptors for balance and equilibrium found?
the vestibule and the semicircular ducts
34
Which structure senses dynamic equilibrium?
Semicircular canals
35
which part of the outer ear has hairs and sebaceous and ceruminous glands?
the auditory canal or external acoustic meatus
36
function of the pinna or auricle
to catch sound waves and pass them along deeper into the ear
37
what tissue is the tympanic membrane made of?
connective tissue
38
where does the eardrum or tympanic membrane transfer sound energy to?
the bones of the middle ear
39
the small air-filled, mucosa-lined cavity in the temporal bone
the tympanic cavity
40
function of the tympanic cavity
to amplify sound waves so they're stronger when they enter the inner ear (by a factor of 10)
41
what is the organ of smell?
the olfactory epithelium
42
Olfactory receptor cells (description)
bipolar neurons with radiating olfactory cilia
43
what causes a smell?
odorants bind to receptor proteins in the olfactory cilia membranes, causing depolarization which triggers an action potential
44
where is the foliate papillae located?
on the lateral sides of the tongue
45
where is the fungiform papillae located?
on the upper surface of the tongue
46
which papillae disappears after adolescence?
the foliate papillae
47
what projects through a taste pore to the surface of the epithelium?
microvilli
48
In order to be tasted, a chemical:
Must be dissolved in saliva | Must contact gustatory hairs
49
what are substances that we taste called?
tastants
50
the action potential from the taste cells travel though the fibers of which nerves?
facial nerve glossopharyngeal nerve vagus nerve
51
which receptors also influence taste?
Thermoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, nociceptors
52
the earlobe
lobule
53
what is the pinna composed of?
helix and the lobule
54
the rim of the ear
helix
55
the 3 tiny bones in the middle ear
(ossicles) malleus incus stapes
56
common name for the malleus
hammer
57
common name for the incus
anvil
58
common name for the stapes
stirrup
59
what do the ossicles connect?
the eardrum with the oval window
60
what connects the ossicles together?
``` synovial joints (held together by ligaments) ```
61
main function of the labyrinth
turn physical vibrations into electrical impulses the brain can identify as sound
62
what does the ear do in response to loud sounds to prevent damage to hearing receptors?
contracts the tensor tympani and stapedius muscles
63
what are the 3 parts of the bony labyrinth filled with?
a fluid called perilymph
64
what is inside the membranous sacs of the bony labyrinth?
potassium-rich endolymph
65
egg-shaped cavity of the inner ear
vestibule
66
the 2 membranous sacs of the vestibule
the saccule and the utricle
67
membranous sac of the vestibule which is continuous with cochlear duct
saccule
68
membranous sac of the vestibule which is continuous with the semicircular ducts
utricle
69
what do the sacs of the vestibule house?
the maculae
70
the 3 main chambers of the cochlea
scala vestibuli scala tympani scala media
71
membrane that supports the organ of corti
basilar membrane
72
where is the basilar membrane located?
between the scala mmedia and the scala tympani
73
the organ that has hair cells with stereocilia that protrude into the endolymph
organ of corti
74
damage to the neural structures at any point from the cochlear hair cells to the auditory cortical cells
sensorineural deafness

A&P (25 decks)

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