Chap. 9 Nervous System Anatomy Flashcards
Functions of the Nervous System
Sensory Input, Integration, Motor output
sensory input
any electrical impulse sent from the eyes, ear, nose, tongue, or skin to the CNS
Integration
information from the sensory organs, is interpreted
Motor output
the response generated from the interpretation of sensory input
voluntary movement
skeletal muscles
involuntary movement
cardiac and smooth muscle
CNS
central nervous system
what is in the CNS?
brain and spinal cord
PNS
peripheral nervous system, responsible for sensory information
what is in the PNS
all nerves outside the CNS, voluntary and involuntary
Autonomic nervous system
communicate with internal organs and glands (automatic/involuntary)
what are the two types in the Autonomic nervous system
the sympathetic division (arousing, flight or fight, HR increases, D.S. shuts down)
parasympathetic division (calming, everything is normal like BP and HR)
somatic nervous system
communicate with sensory organs and voluntary muscles (voluntary)
what are the two types in the Somatic nervous system
sensory (afferent) nervous system (sensory input) body to brain
motor (efferent) nervous system (motor output)
brain to body
brain
coordinates all activities of the body by receiving and transmitting message throughout the body
CSF
cerebral spinal fluid
what does cerebral spinal fluid do
protects the brain and fills the ventricles (cavities in the brain)
right side of the brain
controls the left side of body, music/art, creativity, intuition, emotions, face recognition, subjectivity
left side of the brain
control right side of body, numbers/math/scientific skills, language, logic, reasoning, objectivity
cerbrum
two hemispheres
occipital lobe
eyesight/vision
temporal lobe
smell and hearing, language, factual and visual memory
frontal lobe
controls movement, personality and emotion, problem solving, speech
parietal lobe
receives and interprets sensory impulses to touch, pain, pressure and temperature
Dienephalon
posterior part of the forebrain with three endocrine glands
thalamus
sensory “traffic director”
hypothalamus
controls vital functions, HR; BP; body temp; hormones; hunger; thirst and digestion
pineal
circadian rhythm; sleep wake cycle
Brain Stem
connects the cerebrum with spinal cord and controls vital signs and sleep patterns
pons
“bridge” where nerves cross over
midbrain
passage way for electrical impulses “highway for nerves”
medulla oblongata
vital functions; respiration rate, HR, BP and temp, not hunger or thirst
difference between language and speech
language in the temp lobe: what language you speak in
speech: how you make the sounds you make to produce words and sounds
cerebellum
control balance and equilibrium
what does the cerebellum provide (not what it does)
precise timing for skeletal muscle activity and coordination of body movements
spinal cord
highway of nerves, transmits nerve impulses between the brain, limbs, and lower part of the body
Protected by CSF and the spinal column
Composed of neural tissue
both directions of impulses (sensory + motor) but different nerves inside the spinal cord
protection of CNS
to protect from pathogens
what are the 5 things that protect the CNS
scalp + skin
skull + vertebral column
meninges
cerebrospinal fluid
blood-brain matter
meninges
three membranes that line and enclose the skull and spinal cord (called the dura matter, arachnoid matter, and pia matter)
dura matter is the outermost one, then arachnoid matter, the pia matter
cerebrospinal fluid
CSF, similar to blood plasma composition
blood-brain barrier
these are the least permeable capillaries of the body barrier to exclude or prevent many potentially harmful substances to have access to the brain but with some exceptions:
– Fats and fat soluble molecules
– Respiratory gases
– Alcohol
– Nicotine
– Anesthesia
PNS primary functions
receive and transmit messages to and from all part of the body
neuron
basic cell of the nervous system (nerve cell)
afferent nerves
sensory nerves: send messages toward the CNS
ex: touching a hot object is sensed by the brain as hot to the touch
efferent nerves
motor nerves: receives messages from the CNS
ex: your hands pull away from the hot cup once touched
