Chap 14.1 Slides

Question 1

During the High Middle Ages, there were a series of religious wars called ____________

Who launched these?

Answer 1

European Christians launched series of religious wars, Crusades

Question 2

What was the goal of the Crusades?

Answer 2

•Goal to take Jerusalem, Holy Land, away from Muslims

Question 3

Why was it important to take Jerusalem?

Answer 3

• Jerusalem site of Holy Temple of Jews, also where Jesus crucified, buried, was to come again
• Vital to Christians to control city

Question 4

Who controlled Jerusalem at the time?

Answer 4

•Jerusalem in control of North African Muslims, Fatimids, late 1000s

Question 5

What were the Muslims doing?

Answer 5

• Turkish Muslims took control of Persia, other lands,
• persecuted Christians visiting region
• Turks attacked Byzantine Empire, destroyed army, 1071

Question 6

Who did the Emperor turn for help?

Answer 6

•Emperor turned to Western Europe, Pope Urban II, for help

Question 7

What was The Council of Clermont?

What was purpose?

Answer 7

Pope Urban II called church leaders to council in Clermont, France

•Described dangers faced by Byzantines

Question 8

What did the Council of Clermont call for?

Answer 8

•Called on Christian warriors to put aside differences, fight against Turks

–Call to arms

–Took Jerusalem

Question 9

Who volunteered for the Crusades?

What was their slogan?

Answer 9

–Hundreds of knights, nobles volunteered for Crusade

–Set out to meet foes with slogan “God wills it!”

Question 10

Where was the 1st Crusade?

How many Crusades were there in all?

Answer 10

Crusaders left France in 1096 in First Crusade.

In all, nine Crusades set out between 1096 and 1291 to claim or protect the Holy Land

Question 11

What were the 2 groups that fought in the 1st Crusades?

Answer 11

•Crusaders in two groups, peasants and knights

Question 12

Why did peasants fight in the Crusades?

Answer 12

•Unskilled peasants answered Pope’s call

–Eager to fight non-Christians in Holy Land

–On the way attacked and slaughtered German Jews

–Fell in Jerusalem

Question 13

How were the Knights in the Crusades?

Answer 13

• Better trained in warfare than peasants, but unprepared for hardship of journey
• Traveled three years

Question 14

What city was victorious in the Crusades?

Answer 14

• Siege of Jerusalem victory for Crusaders
• disaster for city

Question 15

What happened in the 2nd Crusade?

Was it a victory?

Answer 15

• Muslims began retaking lands lost in First Crusade
• Took city of Edessa, capital of one Crusader state, 1144
• European leaders called for Second Crusade, launched in 1147
• Second Crusade a failure, took no lands from Muslims

Question 16

What leader emerged in the 3rd Crusade?

Answer 16

• New leader arose in Muslim world, 1177
• Salah ad-Din, known to Europeans as Saladin

Question 17

What title did Saladin take?

What did Saladin achieve?

Answer 17

• Took title of sultan
• Set out to take back Crusader states, succeeded,
• Drove European Christians out of Jerusalem

Question 18

Who were the 3 Kings in the Third Crusade?

Answer 18

• Richard, Philip, Frederick set out from Europe on Third Crusade
• Frederick was killed, Philip quarreled with Richard, returned home

Question 19

Which of the 3 kings fought in the Holy Land?

Answer 19

•Only King Richard the Lion-Hearted of England fought in Holy Land

Question 20

How did Richard and Saladin deal with each other?

Answer 20

• Richard, Saladin admired each other as military leaders, gentlemen
• Made proposals for peace, including marriage alliance of Richard’s sister, Saladin’s brother; never took place because of religious differences

Question 21

When Richard and Saladin fought, who failed and who achieved?

Answer 21

• Richard, Saladin fought fiercely for control of Holy Land
• Richard won several battles, not able to drive Muslims out of Holy Land
• Richard could not take Jerusalem, had to return to England

Question 22

What happened in the 4th Crusdade?

Answer 22

• Jerusalem still in Muslim hands
• Crusaders could not pay Venetians to take them to Holy Land
• In lieu of payment, Crusaders agreed to attack Zara

Question 23

What happened at Zara?

Answer 23

• Zara once belonged to Venice, now held by Christian king of Hungary
• Pope angered that Christian city attacked, excommunicated all

Question 24

Where did the Crusaders push onto?

Answer 24

Constantinople

• Crusaders pushed on
• Attacked Christian city of Constantinople
• Ransacked city, made one leader new emperor

Question 25

What caused failure of the 4th Crusade?

Did later Crusades succeed?

Answer 25

• Disorganization, lack of leadership made Fourth Crusade failure
• Five other Crusades followed, none successful

Question 26

What were the economic changes that resulted from the Crusades?

Answer 26

•Historic evidence of trade between Muslims, Byzantines,

and Europeans prior to Crusades

•Crusades enhanced existing trade

• Returning Crusaders brought more goods, spices, textiles, to Europe
• Increase in trade added to changing European economy during Middle Ages

Question 27

What were the Political Changes that resulted from Crusades?

Answer 27

• Crusades led to deaths of many knights, nobles
• Lands left vulnerable
• Other ambitious nobles took control of unoccupied lands
• Nobles then had more power, influence in Europe

Question 28

What were the social changes resulting from the Crusades?

How did Christians and Non-Christians regard each other?

Answer 28

• Some Europeans respected other cultures, others intolerant
• Many viewed non-Christians as enemies, persecuted Jews
• Holy Land Jews saw Crusaders as cruel invaders
• Relations strained for centuries