Chap 14.1 Slides Flashcards
During the High Middle Ages, there were a series of religious wars called ____________
Who launched these?
European Christians launched series of religious wars, Crusades
What was the goal of the Crusades?
•Goal to take Jerusalem, Holy Land, away from Muslims
Why was it important to take Jerusalem?
- Jerusalem site of Holy Temple of Jews, also where Jesus crucified, buried, was to come again
- Vital to Christians to control city
Who controlled Jerusalem at the time?
•Jerusalem in control of North African Muslims, Fatimids, late 1000s
What were the Muslims doing?
- Turkish Muslims took control of Persia, other lands,
- persecuted Christians visiting region
- Turks attacked Byzantine Empire, destroyed army, 1071
Who did the Emperor turn for help?
•Emperor turned to Western Europe, Pope Urban II, for help
What was The Council of Clermont?
What was purpose?
Pope Urban II called church leaders to council in Clermont, France
•Described dangers faced by Byzantines
What did the Council of Clermont call for?
•Called on Christian warriors to put aside differences, fight against Turks
–Call to arms
–Took Jerusalem
Who volunteered for the Crusades?
What was their slogan?
–Hundreds of knights, nobles volunteered for Crusade
–Set out to meet foes with slogan “God wills it!”
Where was the 1st Crusade?
How many Crusades were there in all?
Crusaders left France in 1096 in First Crusade.
In all, nine Crusades set out between 1096 and 1291 to claim or protect the Holy Land
What were the 2 groups that fought in the 1st Crusades?
•Crusaders in two groups, peasants and knights
Why did peasants fight in the Crusades?
•Unskilled peasants answered Pope’s call
–Eager to fight non-Christians in Holy Land
–On the way attacked and slaughtered German Jews
–Fell in Jerusalem
How were the Knights in the Crusades?
- Better trained in warfare than peasants, but unprepared for hardship of journey
- Traveled three years
What city was victorious in the Crusades?
- Siege of Jerusalem victory for Crusaders
- disaster for city
What happened in the 2nd Crusade?
Was it a victory?
- Muslims began retaking lands lost in First Crusade
- Took city of Edessa, capital of one Crusader state, 1144
- European leaders called for Second Crusade, launched in 1147
- Second Crusade a failure, took no lands from Muslims
What leader emerged in the 3rd Crusade?
- New leader arose in Muslim world, 1177
- Salah ad-Din, known to Europeans as Saladin
What title did Saladin take?
What did Saladin achieve?
- Took title of sultan
- Set out to take back Crusader states, succeeded,
- Drove European Christians out of Jerusalem
Who were the 3 Kings in the Third Crusade?
- Richard, Philip, Frederick set out from Europe on Third Crusade
- Frederick was killed, Philip quarreled with Richard, returned home
Which of the 3 kings fought in the Holy Land?
•Only King Richard the Lion-Hearted of England fought in Holy Land
How did Richard and Saladin deal with each other?
- Richard, Saladin admired each other as military leaders, gentlemen
- Made proposals for peace, including marriage alliance of Richard’s sister, Saladin’s brother; never took place because of religious differences
When Richard and Saladin fought, who failed and who achieved?
- Richard, Saladin fought fiercely for control of Holy Land
- Richard won several battles, not able to drive Muslims out of Holy Land
- Richard could not take Jerusalem, had to return to England
What happened in the 4th Crusdade?
- Jerusalem still in Muslim hands
- Crusaders could not pay Venetians to take them to Holy Land
- In lieu of payment, Crusaders agreed to attack Zara
What happened at Zara?
- Zara once belonged to Venice, now held by Christian king of Hungary
- Pope angered that Christian city attacked, excommunicated all
Where did the Crusaders push onto?
Constantinople
- Crusaders pushed on
- Attacked Christian city of Constantinople
- Ransacked city, made one leader new emperor
What caused failure of the 4th Crusade?
Did later Crusades succeed?
- Disorganization, lack of leadership made Fourth Crusade failure
- Five other Crusades followed, none successful
What were the economic changes that resulted from the Crusades?
•Historic evidence of trade between Muslims, Byzantines,
and Europeans prior to Crusades
•Crusades enhanced existing trade
- Returning Crusaders brought more goods, spices, textiles, to Europe
- Increase in trade added to changing European economy during Middle Ages
What were the Political Changes that resulted from Crusades?
- Crusades led to deaths of many knights, nobles
- Lands left vulnerable
- Other ambitious nobles took control of unoccupied lands
- Nobles then had more power, influence in Europe
What were the social changes resulting from the Crusades?
How did Christians and Non-Christians regard each other?
- Some Europeans respected other cultures, others intolerant
- Many viewed non-Christians as enemies, persecuted Jews
- Holy Land Jews saw Crusaders as cruel invaders
- Relations strained for centuries
