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2017 FireFighting S&T (Blue book) > Ch.8 > Flashcards

Ch.8 Flashcards

1
Q

_______ is the most prevalent extinguishing agent in use.

A

Water

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2
Q

Reasons for Water’s popularity in the fire service:

A
  • It is inexpensive
  • Its commonly available
  • It is efficient at extinguishment
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3
Q

Hooking a hose line directly to a hydrant and flowing water through a nozzle would be considered _________

A

normal operating pressure

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4
Q

Water is found in 3 physical states: solid, liquid, and gas.

  • At ______ begins to freeze.
  • In temperature from ____ to ____ water is in liquid form
  • From ____ and up, water is converted into steam, a gas.
A
  • 32 degrees
  • 32 deg to 212 deg
  • 212 degrees
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5
Q

At 212 degrees water expands ______ times its original volume.

A

1700 x

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6
Q

Water extinguishes fire through 3 basic methods:

A
  1. Cools the burning material
  2. Smothers the fire
  3. Separates the fuel from the heat
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7
Q

When water converts to steam, it can ____ the fire by displacing the oxygen in the room.

A

smother

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8
Q

______ remains the main reason water extinguishes fire.

A

Cooling

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9
Q

The amount of water needed to smother a fire:

A

Flow Requirement

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10
Q

There are 3 nationally accepted formulas for figuring the flow requirement:

A
  • National Fire Academy (NFA) formula
  • Iowa State University (Iowa) formula
  • Insurance Services Office (ISO, New York City) formula
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11
Q

______ and _____ formulas are simple and easy to understand, and can be done on the FIRE Ground if needed.

A
  • NFA Formula

- Iowa Formula

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12
Q

The _____ formula was not designed to be used on the fire scene. It can be utilized during pre-incident planning

A

Insurance Services Office (ISO)

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13
Q

Information about the ISO formula can be obtained from ___________

A

The Insurance Services Office

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14
Q

NFA Formula:

A

NFF = L X W/3 X Percentage of Involvement

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15
Q

NFF=

A

Needed Fire Flow

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16
Q

In what formula is the 3 constant and never changes:

A

National Fire Academy (NFA) Formula

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17
Q

Iowa Formula:

A

NFF = V/100

V = Volume

  • found by multiplying L X W X H
  • 100 is constant and never changes
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18
Q

The NFA and Iowa formula assume that:

A
  • the entire space is engulfed in flames

- Neither consider the type of material burning

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19
Q

An effective fire stream is defined as:

A

the stream that meets its objective

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20
Q

Nozzles are used to _____ fire streams.

A

shape

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21
Q

The most widely used nozzle in the fire service today is the __________

A

fog nozzle

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22
Q

All ________ break down solid streams of water into thousands of droplets of water that can be adjusted into various patterns. Pattern range is from straight stream to wide fog pattern.

A

fog nozzles

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23
Q

The more droplets of water there are, the greater the ___________, meaning more heat is absorbed.

A

surface area

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24
Q

Many fog nozzles require ____ psi at the nozzle to create an effective stream.

A

100 psi

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25
Q

Many new fog nozzles, have recognized problems and are capable of operating effectively at _______

A

75 psi

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26
Q

Low pressure mode on fog nozzle can operate at ______

A

50 psi

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27
Q

Smooth bore creates a solid stream that can be broken down into uneven droplets of water by _________

A

ricocheting off object

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28
Q

One of the best benefits of a smooth-bore nozzle is that ________________________

A

It creates a stream that does not generally disturb the thermal layers of the fire or push the heat and gasses into other areas, which can result in better survivability for occupants.

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29
Q

Solid streams tend to have better _______________

A

reach and penetration

*wind does not affect stream as much

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30
Q

______ nozzles create a stream of water discharged by small orifices of various sizes and shapes.

A

Broken-stream

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31
Q

Most broken stream nozzles have a special type of application: a piercing nozzle or a cellar nozzle both apply water ________

A

blindly

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32
Q

_______ is lowered through hole in the floor and water is applied.

A

cellar nozzle

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33
Q

Steps taken to reduce friction loss:

A
  • Reduce hose length
  • Use larger hose
  • Reduce number of couplings and appliances
  • Reduce number of bends and kinks
  • Change type or size of nozzle
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34
Q

3 steps used to figure pump discharge pressure needed:

A
  1. Calculate the constants
  2. Calculate additional pressure needed due to elevation
  3. Calculate friction loss
35
Q

Smooth-bore nozzles require ____ psi for master streams

Smooth -bore nozzles require ____ psi for handlines

A
  • 80 psi

- 50 psi

36
Q

Industry standard is _____ friction loss for deck guns

and ____ friction loss form gated wyes

A
  • 25 psi -deck guns

- 10 psi -gated wyes

37
Q

To calculate additional pressure needed due to elevation:

A

Figure half psi per foot of elevation

*figure will be zero at ground level

38
Q

All formulas figure friction loss in ____ ft of hose.

A

100 ft

39
Q

Friction Loss Formula:

A

FL = Q(Q+Q+1)
Q = GPM/100
*Formula is applicable only to 2 1/2” flowing greater than 100 GPM
*If GPM is under 100, the 1 becomes 0.5

40
Q

GPM is generally known by being aware of __________

A

The type of nozzles being used

41
Q

Formula for determining GPM:

A

29.7 (d)^2√NP

42
Q

Foams have generally been created for use on ______ and ________

A
  • hazardous materials

- Class A combustibles

43
Q

When vapor mitigating foam of film-forming fluoroprotein foam is applies at the base oaf a tank and allowed to float to the top of the product.

A

subsurface injection

44
Q

Foam is commonly used for 2 basic types of hazardous materials:

A
  • hydrocarbons

- polar solvents

45
Q

Hydrocarbons are petroleum based products such as:

A
  • gasoline
  • benzene
  • toulene
46
Q

Polar solvents are common alcohol based products such as:

A
  • ethanols
  • ketones
  • lacquer thinner
  • some acids
47
Q

Foam is created by using mechanical agitation to mix 3 ingredients:

A
  • air
  • water
  • foam concentrate
48
Q

Water is the primary ingredient in foam, _____ percent or more of foam is WATER. The other 10% is foam concentrate.

A

90%

49
Q

There are 4 components of foam:

A
  • Water
  • Foam
  • Air
  • Agitation
50
Q

Most manufacturers of foam require that they be proportioned at ____ % for polar solvents and
____ % for hydrocarbons.

A

6% for polar solvents

3% for hydrocarbons

51
Q

Polar Solvent is made up of:

A
  • air
  • 94% water
  • 6% foam concentrate
52
Q

Hydrocarbon is made up of:

A
  • air
  • 97% water
  • 3% foam concentrate
53
Q

The suction is accomplished by creating a vacuum at the proportioner through a __________

A

Venturi

54
Q

In many cases the required PSI for a proportioner is __________

A

stamped directly on the proportioner

55
Q

The application of foam depends on:

A
  • type of foam
  • type of incident
  • topography
  • equipment used for the application
56
Q

To apply foam on an ignited spill

A
  1. Determine size of area
  2. Multiply by application rate
  3. Multiply by proportioned % 3 or 6
  4. Result is amount of foam needed for one minute
  5. Multiply number of minutes
57
Q

Aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) and film-forming fluoroprotein foam (FFFP) are generally ____ for hydrocarbons and _____ for polar solvents.

A
  • .10 hydrocarbons

- .24 polar solvents

58
Q

Class A foams:

A
  • designed for Class A combustibles
  • Makes water wetter
  • breaks down surface tension
  • referred to as “Wetting Agent”
  • Very low proportion rate, usually 1 % or less
59
Q

Class B Foams:

A
  • protein foams
  • FFFP
  • Gold Foam
  • AFFF
60
Q

AFFF alcohol-type concentrate (AFFF ATC or AR) is applicable on both _____________

A

hydrocarbons (at 3%) and polar solvents (at 6%)

61
Q

AFFF can be used on Class A fires if proportioned very low at _______

A

1%

62
Q

_________ acts as an AFFF ATC- type foam but can be used on both polar solvents and hydrocarbons at 3%.

A

Gold Foam

63
Q

Class A Foam has a very low proportion rate, usually ____ % or less.

A

1%

64
Q

______________ produces high-quality foam bubbles that are small and consistent in size and density. Bubbles provide 25% better drain time.

A

Compressed air foam system (CAFS)

65
Q

Bubbles from CAFS system allow foam to stay together and provide a ______ % better drain time for the foam, allowing it to work better.

A

25%

66
Q

_______ is generally used on flammable liquid fires such as grease and gasoline, and is very common in fire extinguishers and hood systems.

A

Dry Chemical

67
Q

A-B-C Extinguishers are __________

A

multipurpose

68
Q

B-C Extinguishers are ___________

A

Ordinary purpose

69
Q

Dry Chemicals extinguish Class B and C fires by interrupting the ______________
On Class A fires, they coat the material burning and extinguish the fire through ________

A
  • Chemical chain reaction

- Smothering

70
Q

Ordinary Purpose (B-C) Extinguishers:

A
  • Sodium Bicarbonate
  • Potassium Bicarbonate
  • Potassium Chloride
71
Q

Multipurpose (A-B-C) Extinguishers:

A
  • Ammonium Phosphate
  • Monoammonium Phosphate
  • Barium Sulfate
72
Q

Dry Powders are special-purpose extinguishing agents used for specific applications such as combustible _______ or _______

A

Metals or Class D fires

73
Q

Dry Powders are available in _______ and ______ form

A
  • portable extinguisher

- raw powdered (applied by shoveling)

74
Q

__________ are designed for protecting kitchen hoods, plenums, exhaust ducts, grease filter, and cooking appliances from grease fires.

A

Wet Chemical fire suppression systems

75
Q

_______ are used primarily on Class B and C fires and come in the form of portable or wheeled extinguishers.

A

Carbon Dioxide extinguishers

76
Q

Halon was an extinguishing agent in 1980’s and early 1990’s that was banned from production under the _____________

A

Clean Air Act of 1994

77
Q

Was banned because it was shown to damage the atmosphere upon discharge, depleting the ozone:

A

Halon

78
Q

An additional fear of the halon system was:

A

potential danger to building occupants

79
Q

According to _________, a halon system can remain in use as long as it is not discharged. Once discharged it can only be refilled with recycled Halon 1301 or replaced with different agent.

A

United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

80
Q

Once discharged Halon can only be refilled with _________

A

recycled Halon 1301 or different agent

81
Q

2 types of Halon were used and still seen in the field:

A

Halon 1211 - A liquid form

Halon 1301- A gaseous form

82
Q

__________ was primarily used fro protecting sensitive electronic equipment, such as computers and communication equipment, because it did not leave a residue.

A

Halon 1301

83
Q

Was very common for fire protection of engines in high-end boats and yachts:

A

Halon 1301

84
Q

Water-soluble compounds such as alcohol; requires foams that are alcohol-type concentrates (ATC)

A

Polar Solvents

2017 FireFighting S&T (Blue book) (19 decks)

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