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2017 FireFighting S&T (Blue book) > Ch.6 > Flashcards

Ch.6 Flashcards

1
Q

Fire is a _______, ________, _______, and _______-

A
  • Exothermic reaction
  • Oxidation Process
  • Combustion process
  • Chemical process
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2
Q

Fire is a chemical process in which ______, ______, and _______ come together in an uninhibited chain reaction.

A
  • heat
  • fuel
  • oxygen
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3
Q

Fire produces an _________, releasing heat, light, smoke, toxic gases, and other products of incomplete combustion.

A

exothermic reaction

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4
Q

Fire is a ________ that can be self-sustaining reaction.

A

combustion process

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5
Q

Fuel for fire can be in any form of the three physical properties of matter: _____, _____, ______

A
  • solid
  • liquid
  • gas
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6
Q

The fire triangle consists of ______, ______, and _____

A
  • Fuel
  • Heat
  • Oxygen
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7
Q

The first component of the fire triangle is _______

A

Fuel

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8
Q

Fuel must be a ______ or _______ material

A

combustible or flammable

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9
Q

The fuel is most likely composed of ______ and ______ that can be oxidized.

A

-carbon and hydrogen atoms

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10
Q

The second component of the fire triangle is ________

A

Oxygen

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11
Q

What is the most common oxidizing material in the atmosphere?

A

Oxygen

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12
Q

Oxygen is found in normal breathing air in the atmosphere at a volume of _______ percent

A

21%

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13
Q

The rest of air is mostly _______, an inert chemical.

A

Nitrogen

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14
Q

The third component of the triangle is _________

A

heat energy

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15
Q

Water is an effective firefighting agent because it ________ and because it is readily available.
It can also be used to ____________ by submerging some fuels.

A
  • absorbs heat, thus cooling the fuel

- smother flames

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16
Q

A more complete explanation of the fire process involves the _____________

A

Fire Tetrahedron

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17
Q

The Fire Tetrahedron was developed in the 1950’s by ___________

A

Walter Haessler

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18
Q

Walter Haessler was interested in finding out why ____________ was so effective as a fire-extinguishing agent.

A

the dry chemical ammonium phosphate

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19
Q

In the 4 sided Fire Tetrahedron, there is a fourth component:

A

uninhibited chain reaction

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20
Q

In the fire process known as ________, the tetrahedron better describes the reaction taking place.

A

flaming combustion

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21
Q

The fuel in the fire tetrahedron is considered a _________

A

reducing agent

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22
Q

What are the 5 classes of fires:

A

Class A: Ordinary Combustibles
Class B: Flammable Petroleum products
Class C: Electrically energized equipment
Class D: Combustible Metals
Class K: Cooking Fuels, Vegetable or animal oils and fats

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23
Q

In Class C fire, the fuel itself can be either class ____, ____ or _____

A

Class A
Class B
Class D

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24
Q

Combustible metal fires are more common in _________

A

manufacturing areas

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25
Q

Firefighters must avoid bringing water into contact with ___________

A

Class D: Combustible Metal fires

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26
Q

Class K fires are technically a subclass of the ______________

A

Class B- flammable liquid/gas class

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27
Q

The extinguishing agent rapidly converts the burning substance to a noncombustible soap:

A

Saponification

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28
Q

Saponification is a ___________

A

Endothermic reaction

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29
Q

Meaning it absorbs thermal energy from its surroundings:

A

Endothermic reaction

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30
Q

When a Class A fire burns, they produce ______, ______, and ________

A
  • Carbon Dioxide CO2
  • Carbon Monoxide CO
  • Water
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31
Q

Plastics are hydrocarbon-based and produce heavy black smoke and high levels of _______, ______, and _______

A
  • Carbon Monoxide
  • Carbon Dioxide
  • Hydrogen Cyanide
  • Hydrogen Chloride
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32
Q

Most fire deaths result from the ___________

A

Toxicity of the smoke

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33
Q

The most abundant gas produced at any fire is __________

A

Carbon Monoxide

*This gas has killed the most people

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34
Q

Carbon monoxide poisoning is the cause of death in more than _______ percent of all fire fatalities.

A

50%

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35
Q

When fires involve natural and synthetic materials that contain nitrogen, such as wool, silk, acrylonitrile, polyurethane, melamine, and nylons, the materials release _________

A

Hydrogen Cyanide

36
Q

________ and ________ are associated with morbidity and mortality

A

Hydrogen Cyanide and Carbon Monoxide

37
Q

Automobile fires have sickened firefighters from gases released from __________

A

polyurethane foam rubber seats

38
Q

_______ is a very potent irritant, released from burning polyethylene

A

Acrolein

39
Q

_________ is a deadly gas released from polyvinyl chloride (PVC)

A

Hydrogen Chloride

40
Q

The fires progress depends on _______, _____, and ______

A
  • fuel load
  • combustibility of fuel
  • intensity of heat produced
41
Q

4 phases of fire:

A
  • Incipient stage
  • Free-burning stage
  • Flashover
  • Smoldering decay stage
42
Q

The ______ is the actual ignition stage. The fire involves only the original material ignited and produces some heat and smoke.

A

incipient phase

43
Q

The flame itself may produce a flame temperature of _____ to _____

A

800 to 1000 degrees

44
Q
  • Fire preheats surrounding materials
  • Fire spreads vertically as a thermal convection current
  • Thermal column meets resistance of ceiling and spreads out horizontally.
  • Room is heated from top down
A

Free-basing phase

45
Q

Fire spreads in all directions through ______ heat waves

A

radiant

46
Q

During the smoldering phase the temperature can reach ________ or more.

A

1000 degrees

47
Q

Fire can spread by 4 principal means:

A
  • convection
  • radiation
  • conduction
  • direct flame impingement
48
Q

Direct flame impingement is sometimes considered a form of ___________

A

radiation

49
Q

When the lighter gases stay near the top floors of structure while the flames and heavy gases spread throughout the lower areas of the structure.

A

stratify

50
Q

MGM Grand Hotel Fire:

A
  • November 21, 1980
  • 85 people died
  • burning 15 to 19 feet per second
51
Q

The priority of search should be set at:

A
  • fire floor
  • floor immediately above fire
  • top floor of building
52
Q

Flames from a fire produce heat waves that move in a _____ from the fire.

A

straight line

53
Q

______ are an invisible movement of heat that can penetrate windows and unprotected openings.

A

Heat waves

54
Q

Radiant heat moves ____________, heating everything it can reach.

A

equally in all directions from fire

55
Q

Radiant Heat is _________

A

electromagnetic heat waves

56
Q

Water curtains are of little use in stopping __________

A

radiant heat

57
Q

Who defined the law of heat of Conduction in the 1800’s:

A

Joseph Fourier

58
Q

The most important physical properties fro Heat conduction are:

A
  • thermal conductivity
  • density
  • specific heat
59
Q

The point in the progression of a room fire when all the combustibles in the room have ignited:

A

Flashover

*Temp can exceed 1000 deg

60
Q

The heating process during Flashover is caused by:

A

Thermal Radiation Feedback

61
Q

_______is one of the first signs that flashover is imminent.

A

Rollover

62
Q

_____ feet into room where flashover has occurred is commonly known as “the point of no return”

A

5

63
Q

The key to recognizing flashover is the ______ and _______

A
  • smoke movement

- fire growth

64
Q

Ceilings, which can be nearly ___ feet high can mask the amount of heat at the ceiling level.

A

20 feet

65
Q

Indicators of impending Flashover:

A
  • Roomsize
  • Extreme Heat
  • Rollover
66
Q

Backdraft can occur from _________

A

premature horizontal ventilation

67
Q

Indicators of impending backdraft include:

A
  • thick smoke pushing out windows
  • Dark, yellowish-brown smoke seeping
  • smoke out then back in
  • windows stained black
  • condensation streaks running down inside window
68
Q

The Oxygen and Carbon Monoxide mixture ignites at approximately ________

A

1100 degrees

69
Q

Backdrafts can be fairly common in:

A
  • taxpayers
  • strip shopping centers
  • row houses
  • garden apartments
70
Q

With todays ______ and _____ it is not uncommon to have a backdraft in single-famiily dwelling.

A
  • environmental consciousness

- energy saving ideas

71
Q

________ has a training center where it can simulate backdraft explosions.

A

U.S. Navy

72
Q

In U.S Navy backdraft Training, it has concluded that that fire must draw air into it for _____ seconds before ignition occurred.

A

few seconds

73
Q

_______ is produced from the incomplete combustion of the fuel

A

smoke

74
Q

Smoke contains:

A
  • tar
  • water
  • multiple gases
75
Q

At the very least the Incident Commander should obtain a view of _____ sides

A

at least 3 sides

76
Q

Dark, Black smoke is indicative of __________

A

hydrocarbon-based fires (plastics and foams)

77
Q

Dirty, Brown smoke indicates __________

A

oxygen-strarved fire

78
Q

Lighter smoke is more indicative of _______

A

Class A fire

79
Q

In very cold weather all smoke can look white because _______________

A

water condensation due to heat of fire

80
Q

The chemical process of fire is exothermic in that 2 of the products of the fire are _____ and _______

A

heat and light

81
Q

A method of heat transfer through a medium:

A

Conduction

82
Q

A method of heat transfer by which air currents are the means of travel:

A

Convection

83
Q

An artificial face or front to a building:

A

facade

84
Q

2 or 3 story apartment building with common entryways and floor layouts, often with porches, patios, and greenery around the building:

A

Garden apartment

85
Q

Where mercantile occupancy is on the first floor and living area occupy the floors above.

A

Taxpayer

86
Q

Process by which walls and furnishings in a compartment heat as heat is transferred within the compartment, this heat then feeds back and further heats the compartment:

A

Thermal radiation feedback

2017 FireFighting S&T (Blue book) (19 decks)

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