Ch3 Flashcards
Three regions of nucleus
Nuclear envelop (nuclear membrane)
Nucleoli
Chromatin
The three main regions of a cell
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Plasma membrane
Types of cell membrane junctions
Tight junction
Desmosomes: anchoring junctions
Gap junction: neighboring cells are connected by hollow cylinders composed of protein (called connexons)
Roles of glycoproteins (glycocalyx) in a life cell
Determine a blood type
Act as receptor
Play a role in cell to cell recognition and interactions
Three major elements of cytoplasm
Cytosol
Organelles
Inclusions
Functions of Cytoplasmic organelles
Metabolic machinery
- mitochondria
- ribosomes
- endoplasmic reticulum
- gogi apparatus
- lysosomes
- peroxisomes
Function of mitochondria
Supply ATP: site of major synthesis of ATP
Function of ribosomes
Ribosomes are assembled in nucleoli
The actual site of protein synthesis in the cell
(Rough endoplasmic reticulum: the whole ribosome membrane combination)
Endoplasmic reticulum
Network within cytoplasm
It provides a network of channels for carrying substances (primarily proteins) from one part of the cell to another.
Rough ER: protein from ribosomes migrate
Smooth ER: lipid metabolism and detoxification
Gogi apparatus
Membranous sacs. Traffic detector for cellular proteins.
Majo functions: modify and package proteins
Package lysosomes that remains in the cell
Pinches off sacs containing proteins and phospholipid destined for a home.
Lysosomes
Membranous bag containing digestive enzymes
Peroxisomes
Membranous sacs containing powerful oxidase enzymes that use molecular oxygen to detoxify a number of poisonous or harmful substances: alcohol and formaldehyde.
Disarm free radicals (normal byproduct of metabolism) into water
What is the basic unit of life?
Cell
Explain the four concepts of cell theory.
- A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living
- The activity of an organism depends on the collective activities of its cell
- According to the principle of complementary, the biochemical activities of cells are dictated by the relative number of their specific sub cellular structure
- Continuity of life had a cellular basis
List four elements that make up the bulk of living matter.
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
What is a diluted saltwater solution in our body that derived from the blood?
Interstitial fluid
How does Hooke’s “cell” differ from current meaning of cell?
Current cell mean that The smallest unit, the building block, of all living things.
Hike’ cells was observed from cork cells, which were empty chambers once inhabited.
According to the cell theory, what the organism can do depends on —.
What its cells can do
Define generalized cell
Cells have the same basic part, and there are certain functions common to all cells.
List structures of the nucleus, and explain the function of chromatin and nucleoli,
Structure of nucleus: nucleolus(nucleoli), chromatin, nuclear envelope
Function of nucleoli: sites where ribosomes are assembled.
Function of chromatin: during cell division to form two dtr cells, the chromatin threads coil and condense to a form dense, rodlike bodies called chromosomes.
Name three basic parts of a cell
Nucleus- control center of the cell
Plasma membrane-external barrier that regulates what enters and leaves the cell
Cytoplasm - the are where most cell activities occur
What is general function of nucleoli?
Site of synthesis of ribosomes
What is the meaning of generalized cell?
The generalized cell is a concept that describes organelles and functions common to all cells.
Describe chemical implosion of the plasma membrane.
Plasma membrane consists of two lipid layers arranged “tail to tail” in which protein molecules float. The proteins form a constantly changing pattern or mosaic. (The fluid mosaic model)
Most of the lipid portion is phospholipid and a substantial amount of cholesterols are found.
Phospholipid has hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails. The hydrophobic makeup of the membrane relatively impermeable to most water-soluable molecules. The cholesterol helps keep the membrane fluid.
Describe three types of cell junctions.
Gap junction: neighboring cells are connected by hollow cylinders compose of protein (called connexons).
Tight junction: impermeable junction that bond cells together into leakproof sheets.
Anchoring junction (desmosomes): anchoring junction scattered like rivets along the sides of abutting cells. They prevent cells subjected to mechanic stress (ie.skin) from being pulled apart.
Why do phospholipids (which from bulk of cell membranes) organize into a bilayer, tail to tail, in a watery environment?
Phospholipids have both polar and no polar regions. Polar aligned with polar( water and other polar molecules inside and outside the cell). Nonpolar aligns with nonpolar in the membrane interior.
External faces of some membrane proteins have sugar groups attached to them. What are three soles these sugar-coated proteins play in the life of the cell?
Act as receptors
Determine blood type
Play a role in cell-to-cell interactions
What is the special function of gap junction and tight junction?
communication and binding together, respectively.
What is function of smooth ER?
Cholesterols and fat synthesis and breakdown
Detoxification of drugs and pesticides
Thus liver and male testes have many smooth ER.
Which nuclear component contains your gene?
Chromatin
What organelle is abundant in phagocytes and known as the cell’s demolition ?
Lysosomes
Lysosomes membranous bags contain powerful digestive enzymes, which formed by ribosomes and packaged by Golgi apparatus.
How do the cytosol and the cytoplasm differ?
Cytosol is the liquid portion of the cytoplasm
Which two organelles are sacs of enzymes and what is the function of each organelle ?
Lysosomes : digestive enzyme - cell demolition, breakdown ingested bacteria, worn-out organelles, and dead cells
Peroxisomes ; oxidase enzyme -detoxification and disarm free radicals
Which two types of cytoskeletal elements are involved in cell mobility?
Microtubules and microfilaments(actin and myosin)
Which of cytoskeletal elements is the basis of centrioles? Of microvilli?
The basis of centrioles is microtubules; that of microvilli is a core of actin filament.
What is the major role of microvilli?
Microvilli increase cell surface for absorptive cells.
What is major role of cilia?
Move substances across the free cell surface.
What are two types of cells that connected body tissue?
Fibroblast and erythrocytes
What is the main function of neuron?
Receiving and transmitting messages
Neurons gather information and control body functions
What is solution?
Homogeneous mixture of two or more components.
What is solvent ?
Dissolving medium. The substance present in the largest amount in a solution.
Water is body’s chief solvent.
The components or substances present in smaller amount are called solutes.
What is the energy source for all types of diffusion?
Kinetic energy
What determines the direction of any diffusion process?
The concentration gradient
What are two types of facilitated diffusion and how do they differ?
A channel protein is an opening formed by membrane proteins for diffusion of certain small solutes.
A carrier protein undergoes shape changes that allow diffusion of a specific substance through the membrane.
What are four types of passive diffusion process?
Simple diffusion
Osmosis
Facilitated diffusion
Filtration
For all of them, a gradient is involved.
What happens when the Na+ -K+ pump is phosphorylated? When K+ binds to pump protein?
When the pump protein is phosphorylated, it changes shape. When K+ binds, phosphate is released.
Which vesicular transport process moves large particles into the cell?
Phagocytosis moves large particles into the cell.
Which process is more selective- pinocytosis or receptor-mediated endocytosis ?
Receptor -mediated endocytosis
What are two major period in cell cycle?
Interphase- cell is active (metabolic phase)
Cell division- cell is resting
DNA is composed of nucleotides, each consisting of —, —, —.
Deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group, and nitrogen-containing base (adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine)
— is division of nucleus, and — is division of cytoplasm.
Mitosis - DNA duplication precedes mitosis.
Cytokinesis- begins when mitosis is nearly completed.
— proteins are the major building materials for cells; — proteins are functional proteins such as enzymes.
Fibrous, globular
What is the function of ribonucleic acid?
Carrying out the functions of Messenger and decoder of DNA
— involves the transfer of information from DNA’s base sequence into the complimentary base sequence specifying a particular amino acid called triplet, and the corresponding three-base sequences on mRNA is called —.
Transcription, condos
How do the terms template strand and complementary relayed to DNA synthesis?
DNA is double stranded. When it is replicated, each strand serves as a template to build a complimentary strand.
What is the role of mRNA in protein synthesis?
Carries coded information for building proteins from the DNA.
What are two stages of protein synthesis, and in which stage are proteins actually synthesized?
Transcription
Translation.
Proteins are synthesized during translation.
What is groups of cells that are similar in function and structure?
Tissue
What are four primary types of tissue?
Epithelium, connective tissue, nervous tissue, muscle
What are the major four functions of epithelial tissue?
Protection, absorption, filtration, secretion
What are the characteristics of epithelium?
- Neighboring cells are bound together by specialized cell junction; desmosomes & tight junction ( except for glandular epithelium)
- The membranes always have one free (unattached)surface or edge: apical surface
- The lower surface of epithelium rests on basement membrane.
- No blood supply on their own: avascular
- If well nourished, regenerate themselves easily
What are two classification of epithelium?
Simple epithelium, stratified epithelium
What are the major functions of simple epithelium?
Absorption, filtration, secretion
Because simple epithelium is usually very thin, protection is not one of their specialty.
— —, which produce a lubricating mucus, are often seen in simple columnar epithelium.
Goblet cells
Epithelial membranes that line body cavities open to the body exterior are called —.
Mucosae, or mucous membranes
What two criteria are used to classify epithelial tissues?
Cell shape and cell arrangement (layers)
How do endocrine and endocrine glands differ in structure and function?
Endocrine glands are often duckless. Their secretion diffuses directly to the blood vessels that weave through the glands. Only produces hormones.
Exocrine glands retains their ducks and secretion empty through the ducks. (Typically a protein-containing secretion other than hormones)
What are the primary function of connective tissue?
Protecting, supporting, binding together other body tissues
What are the characteristics of connective tissue?
- Variation in blood supply: mostly well vascularized(have good blood supplies), but there are exceptions. Tendon & ligaments have a poor blood supply, cartilages are avascular. Thus heals slowly.
- Extra cellular matrix: connective tissues are made up of many different types of cells plus nonliving substance found outside the cell.
How do endocrine and exocrine glands differ in structure and function?
Endocrine glands are ductless, so their secretion diffuses into blood vessels directly.
Ex. Thyroid, adrenals, pituitary
Exocrine glands retain their ducts. Their secretions empty through the ducts to epithelial surface. Ex. Sweat and oil glands, liver, and pancreas.
Why some people say it would be better to have a broken bone than a torn ligament ?
As ligament, tendon have low blood supply, and cartilages are avascular, they heal very slowly when injured.
What are the major classes of connective tissue?
Bone, cartilage, dense connective tissue, loose connective tissue, and blood
All connective tissues consists of living cells surrounded by a matrix.
Bone, Osseous tissue, is composed of —, sitting in cavities called —.
Osteocytes (bone cell), lacunae
Cartilage’s major cell type is —. It is found in only a few place in the body and most widespread is — —.
Chondrocytes, hyaline cartilage
What are three types of cartilages?
Hyaline cartilage: most abundant type
Fibrocartilage: between vertebrae, cushion like
Elastic cartilage: found in structure: supports external ear
— manufacture the building blocks of the fibers.
Fibroblasts (fiber-forming cell)
— attach skeletal muscles to bones; — connect bones to bones at joints.
Tendon, ligament
What are three types of loose connective tissue?
Areolar tissue: the most widely distributed connective tissue variety in the body, is soft, pliable, cobwebby tissue that cushion and protect body organs.
Adipose tissue: forms subcutaneous tissue beneath the skin-insulates and protects. Fat depots for energy storage.
Reticular connective tissue: consists of a delicate network of reticular fibers. forms stroma (mattress), or internal framework.
How do connective tissues differ from other tissues?
Because of the nonliving matrix they produce and which surrounds their living cells.
The — plates are growth plates.
Epiphyseal
—- tissues are highly specialized to contract, shorten, to produce movement.
Muscle
What are three types of muscle tissue?
Skeletal muscle
Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle
—- and —- are major functional characteristics of nervous tissue, neurons.
Irritability, conductivity
Cell division typically yield two dtr cells, each with one nucleus. How is multinuclear condition of skeletal muscle explained?
Skeletal muscle cells repeatedly undergo mitosis unaccompanied by cytokinesis.
— insulate, support, and protect the delicate neurons in the structure of nervous system-brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
Neuroglia
What are two major ways of tissue repair?
Regeneration, fibrosis
Which muscle type is injured when you pull a muscle while exercising?
Skeletal muscle
How does the extended length of a neuron’s processes aid its function in the body?
Allows neurons to control structures some distance away.
— means that cells are routinely divided, and — means that cells are mature and almost completely lose their ability to divide.
Mitotic, amitotic
Which four types of tissues is most likely mitotic throughout life?
Epithelium and some connective tissue
What is neoplasm?
“New growth” an abnormal growth or tumor
What type of connective tissue prevents muscle from pulling away from bones during contraction?
Dense connective
— — produces a lubricating mucus. It is often seen in simple Columnar epithelium.
Goblet cell
— secrete an extensive extra cellular matrix filled with many types of fibers. Connective tissue proper consists of this scattered cells.
Fibroblasts
Extracellularmatrix consists of two component: — and —.
Protein fiber, ground substance ( gelatinous material that contains water, ions, nutrients, large polysaccharides, and gltcoprotein)
All materials exchanged between the blood and the cell must first pass through —, which surrounds all body cells.
Interstitial fluid
What are the functions of smooth ER?
Fat metabolism
Synthesis of cholesterol
Detoxification
If you stir a tablespoon of sugar into a glass of water, the liquid which now holds the dissolved sugar is known as the —.
Solvent
What are the functions of epithelial tissue?
Secretion
Absorption
Filtration
A common characteristic of all connective tissues is the presence of ——.
Large amount of extracellular matrix.
Which type of connective tissues is characterized by very limited blood supply?
Hyaline cartilage
All muscle tissues have the capacity of —.
Expandable
Because of the elongated shape of muscle cells they are also called —.
Muscle fibers
Muscle tissues are highly specialized for their function in — and —.
Contraction, shortening
The function of neuroglial cells are ——–.
Insulation of neuron
Support of neuron
Protection of neuron
What is epithelial tissue?
Lining, covering, glandular tissue of body.
The membranes always have one free (unattached) surface or edge. This so-called — — is exposed to the body’s exterior or to the cavity of an internal organ.
Apical surface
How do connective tissue differ from other tissues?
The non living matrix they produce surrounds their living cells.
Process of tissue repair
Inflammation sets the stage
Granulation tissue forms
Regeneration or fibrosis effect permanent repair
In which type of tissue the goblet cells can be found?
Simple columnar tissue
Describe terms for cardiac muscle
Striated, involuntary, intercalated discs, branching
