Ch1 Flashcards
What is the study of how the body and its parts work or function?
Physiology
What is the study of structure and shape of body?
Anatomy
Why would you have a hard time learning and understanding physiology if you did not also understand anatomy?
Anatomy and physiology are related. A given function can occur only if the corresponding structure allows it.
Kidney function, bone growth, and beating of the heart are all topics of anatomy. True or false?
False. They are all topics of physiology.
What are the six levels of structural organization that make up the human body and explain how they are related?
Chemical level (Atom, Molecule) Cellular level Tissue level Organ level Organ system level Organisms level
What are the names of organ system of body, and briefly state the major function of each system?
Cardiovascular, skeletal, lymphatic, digestive, urinary, reproductive, nervous, muscular, respiratory, endocrine, integumentary system.
What is gross anatomy?
Studying large part in anatomical levels.
What is microscopic anatomy?
Very small structure
What is the organ system that forms the external body system?
Integumentary system.
In which organ system is cutaneous nerve receptors located?
Integumentary system
What are four functions of integumentary system?
- forms external body system
- regulate temperature
- protect deep tissues
- location of cutaneous nerve receptor
What are the function of skeletal system?
- protect and support body organs
- provide muscle attachment
- site for blood formation
- stores minerals
What are the functions of muscular system?
- maintain posture
- produce movement
- produce heat
What is fast acting control system in our body system?
Nervous system
Which body system activates muscles and glands?
Nervous system
What are the functions of endocrine system?
Secrete regulatory hormones : growth, reproduction, metabolism
What are the functions of cardiovascular system?
Transports materials in body by blood pumped by heart.
Which organ system returns fluids to blood vessels?
Lymphatic system
What are the functions of lymphatic system ?
- returns fluids to blood vessels
- involved in immunity
Which organ system keeps blood supplied with oxygen?
Respiratory system
What are the functions of respiratory system?
- keeps blood supplied with oxygen
- removes carbon dioxide
Which organ system eliminates indigestive materials?
Digestive system
What are the functions of digestive system?
- break down food
- absorb nutrients into blood
- eliminate indigestive materials
Which organ system maintain acid-base balance ?
Urinary system
What are the functions of urinary system?
- eliminate nitrogenous wastes
- maintain acid- base balance
- regulate water and electrolyte
What are the functions of reproductive system?
Produce offsprings
Which organ system stores minerals?
Skeletal system
What are the four main materials that cardiovascular system transports in body via blood pumped by heart?
Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Nutrients
Wastes
What do we need in order to keep life function ?
Maintain boundary Movement Responsiveness Digestion Metabolism Excretion Reproduction Growth
What does growth mean in necessary life function?
Increase cell size and number of cells
What does movement mean in necessary life function?
Locomotion
Movement of substances
Why metabolism is necessary for life function?
Because it produces energy and makes body structure
What do we need to survive?
Nutrients Oxygen Water Stable body temperature Atmospheric pressure
Why do we need water to survive?
Water consists of 60-80% of body weight
It provided for metabolic reaction
What does homeostasis mean?
Maintain stable internal environment
What would result from disturbance (imbalance)of homeostasis ?
Disease
What is necessary for normal body functioning and sustain life?
Homeostasis
What are the elements of a homeostic control system?
- Stimulus - 2. Receptor -3. Control center -4. Effector - ( negative feedback/positive feedback)
What is it called to have a homeostasis that cause disease?
Homeostasis imbalance
How to maintain homeostasis ？
The body communicates through neural and hormonal control system
If this control system were regulating room temperature, what apparatus world be effector?
The heat generating furnace or oil burner
What is Positive feedback of homeostatic control system?
- increase the original stimulus to push the variable farther
- examples are : blood clotting, the birth of baby
What types of homeostatic control system feedback is as following ?
- most homeostatic control mechanism
- shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its intensity
- works like bs household thermostat
Negative feedback
Why do we use special terminology for anatomy?
To prevent misunderstanding Exact terms used for - position - region - direction - structure
What is term for forearm?
Antebrachial
What is term for thigh?
Femoral
Skeletal system contains —,—,—.
Cartilage, joint, bone
Which organ system provides a site for blood cell formation?
Skeletal system
Which organ system helps to maintain posture?
Muscular system
Which organ system produced heat?
Muscular system
Which organ system activates muscles and glands?
Nervous system
What does nervous system contains?
Brain, spinal cords, nerves, secondary receptor
Endocrine system secretes regulatory hormone in order for —-, —, —.
Growth, reproduction, metabolism
Which organ system does pancreas belong to?
Endocrine system
What organs does cardiovascular system contain?
Heart, blood vessels
Which organ system returns fluids to blood vessels?
Lymphatic system
Which organs are contained in lymphatic system?
Thoracic duct, lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels
Which organ system removes carbon dioxide I our body?
Respiratory system
Which organ system eliminates indigestive materials?
Digestive system
Which organ system maintains acid-base balance?
Urinary system
Which organ system regulates water and electrolytes?
Urinary system
At which level of structural organization is the stomach? At which level is a glucose molecule?
Organ level
Chemical level
List eight functions that humans must perform to maintain life.
Movement Responsiveness or irritability Maintain boundary Digestion Metabolism Reproduction Growth Excretion
List the five survival needs of human body.
Water Oxygen Nutrition Normal body temperature Appropriate atmospheric pressure
What is the process of breaking down ingested food into simple molecules that can be absorbed into blood?
Digestion
*metabolism is a broad term that refers to all chemical reactions that occur within body cells.
What is it called to increase in size usually by increase in the number of cells?
Growth
What are the three components of homeostatic control mechanism?
Receptor, control center, effector
Respond, assess, activate
Most of homeostatic control mechanisms are negative feedback mechanisms. True or False?
True
Negative feedback mechanisms regulate heart rate, blood pressure, breathing rate, and blood levels of glucose, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and minerals.
Positive feedback mechanisms tent to (decrease or increase) original disturbance (stimulus) and to push variables (closer or farther) from its original value.
Increase
Farther
Example: blood clotting, birth
What is it called that we assume the body is always in a standard position to avoid confusion?
Anatomical position
Illustrate the face-front anatomical position
The body is erect with feet parallel and the arms hanging at the sides with the palms facing forward.
Homeostasis is dynamic state of equilibrium.
True or false?
True
What are two subdivisions of the dorsal cavity?
Cranial cavity
Spinal cavity
What is the dorm shaped muscle that separates thoracic cavity from the rest of ventral cavity ?
Diaphragm
What organs are in the thoracic cavity?
Lungs, heart, and others
What region does separates the lungs into right and left cavities in the thoracic cavity?
Mediastinum
If you want to spectate thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity of a cadaver, which type of section would you make?
A transverse section
Of a spinal cord, small intestine, uterus, and heart, which are in the dorsal body cavity?
Only spinal cord
Joe went to the emergency rm where he complained of severe pain in the lower right quadrant of his abdomen. What might be his problem?
Might be appendicitis
What is used to see sizes and relationships of body parts?
Observation
Structure determined by what — can occur; therefore, if the structure changes, the — must also be changed.
Function
Homeostasis is necessary for — and —.
Survival
Good health
What is the most homeostasis control system to act at reduce or stop the initial stimulus?
Negative feedback
What are the major structures of diencephalon ?
Thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus
What would be the consequence of blocked arachnoid villi?
Hydrocephalus. The ventricles would expand as cerebrospinal fluid accumulates.
Unable to drain into dural sinus
