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ANAT 14 > Ch2 > Flashcards

Ch2 Flashcards

0
Q

Electrons closest to the nucleus are most

strongly attracted. True or false?

A

True

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1
Q

The atomic number of an atom is determined by the number of—.

A

Protons

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2
Q

Bonding involves interactions between electrons

in the outer shell. What is another name of the outer shell ?

A

valence shell

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3
Q

Atoms are considered stable when their

outermost orbital has — electrons.

A

8

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4
Q

What does “chemically inert element” mean?

A

The valence shell is complete.

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5
Q

— elements are chemically unstable as valence shells are not full.

A

Reactive

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6
Q

What do we call a charged particle in chemical bond?

A

Ion

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7
Q

In hydrogen bond, Hydrogen is attracted to the — portion of polar molecule

A

negative

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8
Q

Which pattern of chemical reaction does release chemical energy?

A

Decomposition

Molecules broke down
AB-> A+B

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9
Q

In chemical reaction, synthesis reaction means that molecules are combined and energy is — for bond formation.

A

Absorbed.

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10
Q

In chemical reaction, exchange reaction involves both — and —
reactions

A

synthesis, decomposition

AB+C. -> AC+B

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11
Q

Organic compounds are mostly covalently bonded. True or False?

A

True

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12
Q

Salt is easily dissociate into — in the presence of water

A

Ions

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13
Q

Acids are proton donors and realse — ions.

A

Hydrogen

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14
Q

Bases are proton acceptors and release — ions.

A

Hydroxyl

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15
Q

What is the reaction that acids and bases react to form water and a salt?

A

Neutralization reaction

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16
Q

What is chemicals that can regulate pH change?

A

Buffer

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17
Q

What does carbohydrates contain?

A

Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen

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18
Q

What is two simple sugars joined

by dehydration synthesis?

A

Disaccharide

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19
Q

What does lipids contain?

A

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

 Carbon and hydrogen outnumber oxygen

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20
Q

Triglyceride (neutral fat) is composed of — and —.

A

Composed of fatty acids and glycerol

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21
Q

What is the basis for all steroids made in the body?

A

Cholesterol

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22
Q

What does protein contain?

A

Contain carbon, oxygen, hydrogen,

nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur.

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23
Q

Which organic compounds that is over half of the body’s organic matter?

A

Protein

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24
Q

Which organic compounds in our body act as enzymes, hormones, and antibodies?

25
Q

Which protein, also known as

functional proteins, does function as enzyme, and antibodies?

A

Globular protein

26
Q

Which types of protein appears in body structure, and also known as
structural proteins ?

A

Fibrous protein

27
Q

Globular protein can be denatured. True or False?

28
Q

What do we call the energy that is actually doing work?

A

Kinetic energy

29
Q

What do we call the energy that is inactive or stored?

A

Potential energy

30
Q

What are the four forms of energy?

A 
Chemical energy (in the bond of chemical substances)
Mechanical
Electrical (results from the movement of charged particles)
Radiant energy
31
Q

How the energy can be measured?

A

It has no mass (different from matter)
It can be measured only by its effects on matter.
Energy is the mover of the substance-the ability to work.

32
Q

What form of energy is used to transmit msg farm one part of body to another?

A

Electrical energy

33
Q

All matter is composed of a limited number of substances called —.

34
Q

How many elements occur in nature?

A

92 out of 112 that is known certainly.

35
Q

— model of an atom portrays the atom as a miniature solar system.

36
Q

As we cannot determine the exact location of electrons, — model is considered more useful in predicting the chemical behavior of atoms.

37
Q

Which four elements make up the bulk of living matters?

A

Carbon
Oxygen
Hydrogen
Nitrogen

38
Q

What name is given to an unstable atom that has either more or fewer neutrons than its typical number?

A

Radioisotope

39
Q

A — is two or more atoms chemically bound together.

40
Q

When the valence shell of an atom contains 8 electrons (exception-hydrogen), the atom is completely stable and is chemically —.

A

Inert/inactive

41
Q

What are three patterns of chemical reactions?

A

Synthesis reactions
Decomposition reactions
Exchange reactions

42
Q

What are the important four properties of water in the body?

A
  1. High heat capacity
  2. Solvent
  3. Chemical reactivity (ex. To digest foods or break down biological molecules, water molecules are added to the bonds of the large molecules.)
  4. Cushioning. (Protective function)
43
Q

Because a hydrogen ion is essentially a hydrogen nucleus (a naked proton), acids are also considered as — —.

A

Proton donors

44
Q

The process that polymers must be broken down or digested to their monomers, is called —.

A

Hydrolysis.

45
Q

What are three monosaccharides?

A

Glucose
Fructose
Galactose

46
Q

What are three disaccharides?

A

Sucrose (glucose-fructose)
Maltose (glucose-glucose)
Lactose (glucose-galactose)

47
Q

Triglycerides are composed of two types of building blocks, — and —.

A

Fatty acids

Glycerol

48
Q

Which type of lipid is abundant in cellular membranes?

A

Phospholipid

49
Q 
What is the structural unit (or building blocks)
of carbohydrates?
Of lipids?
Of protein?
Of Nucleic acids?
A

Monosaccharides

Fatty acids and glycerol

Amino acids

Nucleotide

50
Q

What are four structural levels of protein?

A
  1. Primary structure- resembles a strand of amino acids
  2. Secondary-the alpha-helix is formed by coiling and is stabilizing by hydrogen bonds.
    Or The beta-pleated sheet
  3. Tertiary- alpha-helix or beta-pleated sheet of polypeptide chain fold upon one another
  4. Quaternary-two or more polypeptide chains combine in a regular manner to form a complex protein
51
Q

— are functional proteins that act as biological catalyst.

52
Q

— is a substance that increase the rate of a chemical reaction without becoming part of the product or being changed itself.

53
Q

Many enzymes are produced in an inactive form. True or false?

A

True.

It must be activated in some way before they can function.

54
Q

How does an enzyme recognize its substrates?

A

The enzyme is able to bind with its substrates(reacting molecules) in the proper position for chemical reaction.

55
Q

What are three basic parts that nucleotides consisted of?

A

A nitrogen-containing base (Adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine, uracil)
A pentode sugar
A phosphate group

56
Q

RNA carries out the orders for — — issued by DNA.

A

Protein synthesis

57
Q

What is vital importance of ATP to body cells?

A

ATP is the immediately useful form of energy for all body cells.

58
Q

Some energy is always unusable in conversion /transformation.
True or false?

A

True

Ex. Lost as heat

59
Q

What is the most important inorganic bases?

A

Hydroxides

60
Q

What is the major energy source for formation of ATP?

A

Carbohydrates, in particular glucose

61
Q

ATP consists of —, —, —.

A

Adenine base, ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups

ANAT 14 (16 decks)

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