Ch12

Question 0

How do lymphatic capillaries and blood capillaries differ structurally from each other?

Answer 0

Lymphatic capillaries are blind-ended and not fed by arteries as blood capillaries are.
They also have flap like mini valves that make them more permeable than blood capillaries.

Question 1

As blood circulates through the body, exchanges of nutrients, wastes, and gases occur between — and —.

Answer 1

Blood, interstitial fluid

Question 2

What organs include Mucosa-Associated Lymphatic Tissues?

Answer 2

Tonsils, peyer’s patch, appendix, and other small accumulation of lymphoid tissues

Question 3

In what three regions of the body are the lymph nodes most dense?

Answer 3

Axillary, inguinal, and cervical region

Question 4

How do the innate and adaptive defenses differ?

Answer 4

Innate: nonspecific and always ready to protect body-intact membranes, inflammatory response, several protective cell types and chemicals
Adaptive: programmed and specifically target particular pathogens or antigens.

Question 5

— moves by diapedesis to clean up
damaged tissue and/or pathogens

Answer 5

Neutrophils

Question 6

— become macrophages and complete disposal of cell debris.

Answer 6

Monocytes

Question 7

The process called — — is drawn by the gradient of inflammatory chemicals, the neutrophils gather in the precise site of tissue injury.

Answer 7

Positive chemotaxis

Question 8

How does complement cause lysis of a pathogenic microorganism?

Answer 8

It attaches to foreign cells and when it is activated, membrane attack complexes (MAC) are inserted in the foreign cell’s membrane and produce lesions that allow water entry and cause lysis.

Question 9

Which type of infectious microorganism causes the body’s level of interferons to rise?

Answer 9

Viruses elicit interferon formation

Question 10

What are the two types of lymphocytes involved in adaptive immune response ?

Answer 10

B lymphocytes mount the humoral response by producing antibody.
T lymphocyte mount the cellular response by activating B cells and cytotoxic T cells and stimulating the inflammatory response.

Question 11

What is antigen?

Answer 11

Any substance that is capable of mobilizing immune system and provoking an immune response.

Question 12

What causes the difficulty in breathing seen in anaphylactic shock?

Answer 12

Release histamine causes constriction of bronchioles, sudden fluid loss, vasodilation.

Question 13

What principle problem common to immunodeficiency disease ?

Answer 13

Abnormal production or functioning of immune cells or complement.

Question 14

What are two possible causes of autoimmune disease?

Answer 14

Self-proteins that were not previously exposed to immune system appear in the circulation.
Foreign antigens that resemble self-antigens arouse antibodies that attack self antigens.

Question 15

Lymphocytes arises from — of bone marrow.

Answer 15

Hemocytoblasts

Question 16

Helper T cells liberate —, chemicals that enhance killing activity of macrophages.

Answer 16

Cytokines

Question 17

Chemical mediators of inflammation include
A. Interferon
B. Complement
C. Histamine
D. Antibodies

Answer 17

C. Histamine

When cells are injured, they release inflammatory chemicals: histamine, kinins

They 1. Cause blood vessels dilate and capillaries to become leaky 2. Activate pain receptors 3. Attract phagocytes and WBCs (chemotaxis).

Question 18

— filters blood and houses phagocytes.

Answer 18

Spleen

Question 19

Given and end-diastolic volume of 150 ml, an end systolic volume of 50 ml, and a heart rate of 60bpm, the cardiac output is —.

Answer 19

1200 ml/min

Question 20

Which of the following depolarizes next after the AV node?

Answer 20

AV bundle

Question 21

Soon after the onset of ventricle systole, the AV valves ( open/close) and first heart sound heard.

Answer 21

Open

Question 22

The base of the heart is its — surface.

Answer 22

Superior

Question 23

Which layer of the artery wall thickens most during atherosclerosis ?

Answer 23

Tunica media

Question 24

The most external part of the pericardium is the —.

Answer 24

Fibrous pericardium

Question 25

What type of tissue fibers make up the majority of tissue in a lymph node?

Answer 25

Reticular fibers

Question 26

— occurs when antibodies bind to specific sites on bacterial exotoxins or on virus that can cause cell injury.

Answer 26

Neutralization

Question 27

Which type of T cell is specifically targeted by HIV?

Answer 27

Helper T cell

Question 28

Proteins secreted by plasma cells that bind to specific pathogens are called —.

Answer 28

Antibodies

Complementation is a process, not a substance made by cells.

Question 29

The antibody that is given to travelers to protect them from tropical diseases produce (active/passive) immunity.

Answer 29

Passive

Active immunity occurs when B cells encounter foreign antibodies against them. This immunity is naturally acquired during bacterial and viral infections and artificial acquired via vaccines containing dead or attenuated pathogens/antigens.

Question 30

The process whereby serum protein land on the surface of a bacterium and proceed to lyse a hole in the membrane surface is known as —.

Answer 30

Complementation

Question 31

The substance produced by the body that breaks down the cell walls of bacteria is —.

Answer 31

Lysozyme

Question 32

When antibodies are present in blood, it is called — —, or anti-body-mediated immunity.

Answer 32

Humoral immunity