Ch12 Flashcards
How do lymphatic capillaries and blood capillaries differ structurally from each other?
Lymphatic capillaries are blind-ended and not fed by arteries as blood capillaries are.
They also have flap like mini valves that make them more permeable than blood capillaries.
As blood circulates through the body, exchanges of nutrients, wastes, and gases occur between — and —.
Blood, interstitial fluid
What organs include Mucosa-Associated Lymphatic Tissues?
Tonsils, peyer’s patch, appendix, and other small accumulation of lymphoid tissues
In what three regions of the body are the lymph nodes most dense?
Axillary, inguinal, and cervical region
How do the innate and adaptive defenses differ?
Innate: nonspecific and always ready to protect body-intact membranes, inflammatory response, several protective cell types and chemicals
Adaptive: programmed and specifically target particular pathogens or antigens.
— moves by diapedesis to clean up
damaged tissue and/or pathogens
Neutrophils
— become macrophages and complete disposal of cell debris.
Monocytes
The process called — — is drawn by the gradient of inflammatory chemicals, the neutrophils gather in the precise site of tissue injury.
Positive chemotaxis
How does complement cause lysis of a pathogenic microorganism?
It attaches to foreign cells and when it is activated, membrane attack complexes (MAC) are inserted in the foreign cell’s membrane and produce lesions that allow water entry and cause lysis.
Which type of infectious microorganism causes the body’s level of interferons to rise?
Viruses elicit interferon formation
What are the two types of lymphocytes involved in adaptive immune response ?
B lymphocytes mount the humoral response by producing antibody.
T lymphocyte mount the cellular response by activating B cells and cytotoxic T cells and stimulating the inflammatory response.
What is antigen?
Any substance that is capable of mobilizing immune system and provoking an immune response.
What causes the difficulty in breathing seen in anaphylactic shock?
Release histamine causes constriction of bronchioles, sudden fluid loss, vasodilation.
What principle problem common to immunodeficiency disease ?
Abnormal production or functioning of immune cells or complement.
What are two possible causes of autoimmune disease?
Self-proteins that were not previously exposed to immune system appear in the circulation.
Foreign antigens that resemble self-antigens arouse antibodies that attack self antigens.
Lymphocytes arises from — of bone marrow.
Hemocytoblasts
Helper T cells liberate —, chemicals that enhance killing activity of macrophages.
Cytokines
Chemical mediators of inflammation include A. Interferon B. Complement C. Histamine D. Antibodies
C. Histamine
When cells are injured, they release inflammatory chemicals: histamine, kinins
They 1. Cause blood vessels dilate and capillaries to become leaky 2. Activate pain receptors 3. Attract phagocytes and WBCs (chemotaxis).
— filters blood and houses phagocytes.
Spleen
Given and end-diastolic volume of 150 ml, an end systolic volume of 50 ml, and a heart rate of 60bpm, the cardiac output is —.
1200 ml/min
Which of the following depolarizes next after the AV node?
AV bundle
Soon after the onset of ventricle systole, the AV valves ( open/close) and first heart sound heard.
Open
The base of the heart is its — surface.
Superior
Which layer of the artery wall thickens most during atherosclerosis ?
Tunica media
The most external part of the pericardium is the —.
Fibrous pericardium
What type of tissue fibers make up the majority of tissue in a lymph node?
Reticular fibers
— occurs when antibodies bind to specific sites on bacterial exotoxins or on virus that can cause cell injury.
Neutralization
Which type of T cell is specifically targeted by HIV?
Helper T cell
Proteins secreted by plasma cells that bind to specific pathogens are called —.
Antibodies
Complementation is a process, not a substance made by cells.
The antibody that is given to travelers to protect them from tropical diseases produce (active/passive) immunity.
Passive
Active immunity occurs when B cells encounter foreign antibodies against them. This immunity is naturally acquired during bacterial and viral infections and artificial acquired via vaccines containing dead or attenuated pathogens/antigens.
The process whereby serum protein land on the surface of a bacterium and proceed to lyse a hole in the membrane surface is known as —.
Complementation
The substance produced by the body that breaks down the cell walls of bacteria is —.
Lysozyme
When antibodies are present in blood, it is called — —, or anti-body-mediated immunity.
Humoral immunity
