Ch.25 - Vocabulary quiz Flashcards
a fenced-in field created by wealthy British landowners from previously “common” land worked by village farmers (or the movement to create more such fenced-in fields)
enclosure
energy sources such as coal, oil and natural gas which were formed over centuries from the remains of plants and animals buried under rock and which fueled the economic growth of the industrial revolution
fossil fuels
the development of industries for the machine production of goods; put another way, the transition from manufacturing goods by hand in small shops to the mass production of goods in factories
industrialization
a large building in which machinery is used to manufacture goods
factory
cloth or fabric; the first industry to industrialize during the Industrial Revolution
textiles
the growth of cities and the migration of people into them from more rural areas
urbanization
a social class made up primarily of skilled workers, professionals and business owners; they demand political change in the French Revolution, and they lead the big changes of the Industrial Revolution
bourgeoisie / aka the middle class
a social class of non-property-owning laborers which emerged during the Industrial Revolution as poor peasants moved to cities and went to work in factories
proletariat / aka the working class
the idea that governments should not inerfere with or regulate private business decision making
laissez-faire
a share in the ownership of a business known as a corporation
Stock
A business owned by stock holders who share in its profits but are not personally responsible for its debts.
Corporation
An economic system in which private individuals own the means of production and make their own decisions about how they use economic resources
Capitalism
an economic system in which the means of production are owned or regulated by the public and managed for the benefit of all in the society
socialism
an association of workers, formed to collectively bargain with business owners for better working conditions or higher wages
union
to refuse to work to force an employer to meet certain demands
strike
the idea that individuals should have absolute (or near absolute) freedom to manage their own property and make economic decisions for themselves
capitalism
the idea that economic resources should be regulated by society as a whole and that the society should own and manage important industries for the benefit of all in the society
socialism
the economic theory in which all businesses are owned by the government and planned and run for the benefit of all-sometimes represented by this saying: “from each according to his ability, to each according to his needs”
communism
the philosophy which judges all governments for their usefulness in promoting the greatest good for the greatest number of people
utilitarianism
(person) described the importance of free trade {capitalism} in his book, The Wealth of Nations
Adam Smith
(person) advocated a global revolution of the working class in the Communist Manifesto
Karl Marx
an agricultural movement in Great Britain which pushed small farmers off their land into the cities where they formed a pool of ready laborers that helped the industrial revolution succeed
enclosure movement
woven cloth, the production of which was mechanized at the beginning of the industrial revolution
textiles
A pre-industrial innovation that made weavers more productive and created the need for more cotton production
Flying shuttle
An innovative device that did the work of 20 people in turning raw cotton into thread
Spinning jenny
A machine for weaving cloth, powered by a steam engine
Power loom
A machine that burned coal to heat water which produced steam to drive a piston supplying power
Steam engine
a boat powered by a steam engine
Steamboat
A steam-powered engine that pulls cars along steel tracks
Railroad locomotive
Crowded multi-story apartment buildings which housed the urban working class
Tenement
A large social class that grew during the Industrial Revolution and included lawyers, doctors, business professionals whose wealth was measured not in land but in skills and money
Bourgeoisie
The social class which owned little property or money but whose economic value was in its labor
Proletariat
The rising middle class that asserted its political might during the French Revolution and similarly asserted its economic power during the Industrial Revolution
Middle class
the lowest class of society which according to Marxist thought was exploited by the more powerful industry owning bourgeoisie
Working class
An organization formed by workers to negotiate collectively on their behalf with business owners for better pay and working conditions
Labor union
One of the principal inventors of the steam engine
James Watt
Invented the Clermont, the first commercial steamboat that traveled up the Hudson River
Robert Fulton
The birthplace of the Industrial Revolution
Great Britain
Not the first country to industrialize, but the leading industrial power by the end of the 19th century
United States
A European country that sought to copy the industrial successes of earlier innovators and became a leading industrial power
Germany
A book advocating free competition as the key to economic development
The Wealth of Nations
written by Karl Marx and Freidrich Engels, this book explained that history had put that bourgeoisie in charge, but that revolution of the proletariat was inevitable
Communist Manifesto
