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Medical Terminology Systems > Ch. 9 Blood, Lymphatic, and Immune Systems > Flashcards

Ch. 9 Blood, Lymphatic, and Immune Systems Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Blood functions:

A

TRANSPORT/PROVIDE/CLOT

transport O2/CO2
provide cells that defend against disease
protects body from loss of blood by clotting.

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2
Q

Lymphatic system function:

A

CELL. COMM./DRAIN/PROVIDE
cellular communication by delivering nutrients, hormones, and other products to cells
remove waste when draining tissue fluid back to vascular system
provides immune system cells to defend body against disease

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3
Q

Immune system function:

A

defend body against disease by preventing unwanted substances from entering body (lymphatic cells identify/destroy pathogens and protect against future encounters with them)

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4
Q

antibody

A

Protective protein produced by B lymphocytes in response to presence of antigen

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5
Q

antigen

A

Foreign substance recognized as harmful to host

stimulates formation of antibodies in immunocompetent individual

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6
Q

bile pigment

A

Substance derived from breakdown of hemoglobin and excreted by the liver

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7
Q

cytokine

A

Chemical substance produced by cells that initiates, inhibits, increases, or decreases activity in other cells

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8
Q

dendritic cell

A

Specialized monocyte that displays antigens on its cell surface and presents them to components of immune system

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9
Q

dendr-

A

tree

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10
Q

-itic

A

pertaining to

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11
Q

immunocompetent

A

Possessing ability to develop an immune response

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12
Q

natural killer (NK) cells

A

Specialized lymphocytes
destroy virally infected&tumor cells by releasing chemicals that disrupt their cell membranes, causing their intercellular fluid to leak out

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13
Q

Blood is ______ _____ composed of:

A

(connective tissue)

plasma (liquid medium) suspending solid components

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14
Q

Solid components of blood:

A
  • red blood cells (erythrocytes)
  • white blood cells (leukocytes)
  • platelets (thrombocytes)
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15
Q

In adults, blood cells form:

A

in bone marrow of skull, ribs, sternum, vertebrae, pelvis, and ends of the long bones of the arms and legs.

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16
Q

Stem cells in the bone marrow give rise to:

A

embryonic (blastic) forms of all blood cell types.

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17
Q

Which cells migrate to lymphatic system for maturation and specialization during their embryonic stage?

A

monocytes

lymphocytes

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18
Q

Where do most embryonic cells complete their development?

A

Bone marrow

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19
Q

When do blood cells enter the circulatory system?

A

once they are mature

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20
Q

term for development of blood cells into their mature forms

A

hematopoiesis or hemopoiesis

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21
Q

erythrocytes

A

red blood cells (RBCs)
transport O2 and CO2
most numerous circulating blood cells

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22
Q

erythropoiesis

A

RBC development

decrease size/extrude nuclei right before reaching maturity

develop hemoglobin

shaped like biconcave disks

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23
Q

hemoglobin (Hb, Hgb)

A

iron-containing compound
gives RBCs red color
carries O2 to body tissues, exchanges for CO2

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24
Q

Life span and death of RBCs

A

after ~120 days they rupture, releasing hemoglobin and cell fragments

  Hemoglobin breaks down into hemosiderin (iron compound) and several bile pigments

most hemosiderin returns to bone marrow for use in forming new blood cells

liver eventually excretes bile pigments.

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25
Q

leukocytes

A

white blood cells (WBCs)
protect against invasion by pathogens and foreign substances

remove debris from injured tissue

aid in the healing process

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26
Q

What function makes leukocytes crucial in bodies defense against disease?

A

phagocytosis (ability to ingest and destroy bacteria and other foreign particles

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27
Q

What other function makes WBCs unique?

A

diapedesis, the ability to migrate through endothelial walls of capillaries and venules and enter tissue spaces.

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28
Q

2 major types of leukocytes:

A

granuloctyes - granules in cytoplasm
agranulocytes - absence of granules in cytoplasm

(when observed microscopically)

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29
Q

3 types of granulocytic leukocytes:

A

neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils

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30
Q

How are granulocytic leukocytes classified?

A

the staining reaction of their cytoplasmic granules during the preparation of blood smears

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31
Q

polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs, polys)

A

the appearance of multiple nuclei in mature granulocytes (because they are so deeply lobed, especially neutrophils)

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32
Q

Another name for agranulocytes :

A

mononuclear lymphocytes (MNLs)

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33
Q

5 major leukocytes:

A

Granulocytes:
neutrophil
eosinophil
basophil

Agranulocytes
lymphocytes
monocytes

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34
Q

Neutrophil function:

A
  • First cell to arrive at a site of injury
  • Provides nonspecific protection by phagocytosis
  • Dies as a result of phagocytosis
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35
Q

Eosinophil function:

A
  • Combats multicellular parasites (worm infestations)

* Controls mechanisms associated with allergies

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36
Q

Basophil function:

A

• Initiates inflammation

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37
Q

Lymphocytes function:

A

• Provides acquired (specific) immunity

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38
Q

Monocytes function:

A
  • Performs mildly phagocytic function

* Becomes a macrophage when it enters tissues and functions in immunity

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39
Q

thrombocytes

A

Platelets
smallest elements in blood
not true cells but cell fragments
initiate blood clotting when they encounter vessel walls that have been injured or traumatized

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40
Q

thromboplastin

A

substance that initiates clot formation

released by clotting factors in platelets and injured tissue

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41
Q

fibrinogen

A

a soluble blood protein

becomes insoluble and forms fibrin strands that act as a net, entrapping blood cells to form blood clot

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42
Q

hemostasis

A

when blood clot impedes the flow of blood into the surrounding tissues as a response to injury

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43
Q

Without blood cells, plasma appears:

A

as a thin, almost colorless fluid

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44
Q

Plasma is composed of:

A 
92% water
albumins
globulins
fibrinogen (plasma proteins)
clotting factors
gases
nutrients
salts
hormones
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45
Q

What makes cellular communication possible throughout the body?

A

The exchange of products between capillaries and surrounding cells/structures.

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46
Q

Blood serum:

A

product of blood plasma formed when fibrinogen and clotting factors are removed from blood plasma.

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47
Q

Blood type A

A

41% population
antigen A
antibody B

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48
Q

Blood type B

A

10% population
antigen B
antibody A

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49
Q

Blood type AB

A

4% population
antigen AB
antibody NONE

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50
Q

Blood Type O

A

45% population
antigen NONE
antibody AB

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51
Q

Blood types are medically important in:

A

transfusions, transplants, and maternal-fetal incompatibilities.

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52
Q

The lymphatic system consists:

A

LYMPH (a fluid that contains lymphocytes and monocytes)
LYMPH VESSELS (network of transporting vessels)
NODES
SPLEEN
THYMUS
TONSILS

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53
Q

Functions of lymphatic system:

A
  • MAINTAIN FLUID BALANCE of body by draining interstitial fluid from tissue spaces and returning it to the blood
  • TRANSPORT LIPIDS AWAY from digestive organs for use by body tissues
  • FILTER/REMOVE UNWANTED or infectious products in lymph nodes
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54
Q

Lymph vessels begin as:

A

closed-ended capillaries in tissue spaces

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55
Q

Lymph vessels terminate at:

A

right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct in chest cavity

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56
Q

interstitial fluid

A

aka tissue fluid
plasma in tissue
resembles plasma but contains slightly less protein
carries needed products to tissue cells while removing their wastes

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57
Q

As interstitial fluid moves through tissues, it collects

A

cellular debris, bacteria, and particulate matter.

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58
Q

interstitial fluid leaves tissue through:

A

surrounding venules to become plasma

lymph capillaries to become lymph.

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59
Q

Lymph passes into larger and larger vessels on its return trip to the bloodstream. Before it reaches its final destination, it first enters:

A

lymph nodes through afferent vessels

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60
Q

What happens in lymph nodes?

A

macrophages phagocytize bacteria and other harmful material

T cells and B cells exert their protective influence

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61
Q

Why do lymph nodes enlarge and become tender?

A

the large number of bacteria entering node

the powerful destruction by T cells and B cells

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62
Q

When and how does lymph leave lymph node?

A

After filtered

through efferent vessel

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63
Q

right lymphatic duct

A

join with lymph vessels from right chest/arm

drains into right subclavian vein

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64
Q

thoracic duct

A

joins with lymph from rest of body

drains into left subclavian vein

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65
Q

Lymph is redeposited into:

A

the circulating blood and becomes plasma.

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66
Q

How is a spleen like a lymph node?

A

it acts as filter by removing cellular debris, bacteria, parasites, and other infectious agents

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67
Q

What does a spleen do that lymph nodes do not?

A

destroys old RBCs

stores healthy blood cells

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68
Q

thymus

A

located in mediastinum

partially controls immune system by transforming certain lymphocytes into T cells

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69
Q

tonsils

A

masses of lymphatic tissue located in the pharynx

act as filters to protect upper respiratory structures from invasion by pathogens.

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70
Q

two major immune defenses:

A

innate immunity

acquired immunity

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71
Q

innate immunity:

A

present from birth
nonspecific
stops spread of pathogens
has 2 types of barriers to keep pathogens out (1st & 2nd line)

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72
Q

first-line barriers

A

keep pathogens from entering body (skin and mucous membranes, tears, saliva, and gastric secretions)

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73
Q

second-line barriers

A

stop spread of pathogens once they have gained entry, including phagocytic cells, natural killer cells, and inflammation

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74
Q

Acquired immunity

A 
AKA adaptive immunity 
develops after birth
specific
lifelong monitoring system
monocytes and lymphocytes 
produces unique cells and processes that destroy particular antigen
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75
Q

Specific

A

system produces “custom made” method to destroying antigen

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76
Q

nonspecific

A

system does not differentiate the various types of pathogens and is always ready to defend the body, no matter the type or nature of the pathogen

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77
Q

macrophages (origin)

A

monocytes that enter tissue spaces from vascular system and become highly phagocytic

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78
Q

macrophage (function)

A

ingests pathogens and other harmful substances

processes, preserves and DISPLAYS their unique antigenic properties on surface which alerts immune system to presence of pathogen

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79
Q

antigen-presenting cell (APC)

A

macrophage when it is displaying antigenic properties

wait for encounter/response from capable immune cell

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80
Q

Dendritic cells

A

specialized macrophages that also have the ability to act as APCs

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81
Q

Two types of lymphocytes

A 
B cells (B lymphocytes) 
T cells (T lymphocytes)
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82
Q

Lymphocytes:

A

active cells of the acquired immune response

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83
Q

B cells develop this immunity type:

A

humoral or antibody

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84
Q

T cells develop this immunity type:

A

cellular

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85
Q

Cytokines

A

hormonelike chemicals
act as messengers between the T and B cell defense systems
regulate intensity/duration of responses
provide cell-to-cell communication

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86
Q

active immunity

A

long-lasting immunity
memory B and T cells “recall and repeat” destruction/disposal of antigen in a more rapid and effective way than during 1st exposure

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87
Q

Complete Anatomy Review

A

Lymphatic System pg 276

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88
Q

The main functions of the blood, lymphatic, and immune systems are:

A

provide a way to transport and exchange products throughout the body

protect and repair cells that are damaged by disease or trauma.

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89
Q

Functional Relationship Between the Blood, Lymphatic, and Immune systems and

Cardiovascular

A
  • Blood delivers oxygen needed for contraction of heart.
  • Lymphatic system returns interstitial fluid to vascular system to maintain blood volume.
  • Immune system protects against infections.
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90
Q

Functional Relationship Between the Blood, Lymphatic, and Immune systems and

Digestive

A
  • Blood transports products of digestion to nourish body cells.
  • Immune system provides surveillance mechanisms to detect/destroy cancer cells in digestive tract.
  • The acidic environment of the stomach helps control pathogens in the digestive tract.
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91
Q

Functional Relationship Between the Blood, Lymphatic, and Immune systems and

Endocrine

A
  • Blood and lymphatic systems transport hormones to target organs.
  • Immune system protects against infection in endocrine glands.
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92
Q

Functional Relationship Between the Blood, Lymphatic, and Immune systems and

Female Reproductive

A
  • Blood, lymphatic, and immune systems transport nourishing and defensive products across placental barrier for developing fetus.
  • The immune system provides specific defense against pathogens that enter the body through reproductive tract.
  • The immune system supplies antibodies for breast milk that protect the baby until its immune system is established.
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93
Q

Functional Relationship Between the Blood, Lymphatic, and Immune systems and

Integumentary

A
  • Blood provides leukocytes, especially neutrophils when injury occurs
  • The lymphatic system supplies antibodies to dermis for defense against pathogens.
  • Blood in skin helps maintain temperature homeostasis.
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94
Q

Functional Relationship Between the Blood, Lymphatic, and Immune systems and

Male Reproductive

A

CANCER/HORMONES/FLUID BALANCE
• Immune system provides surveillance against cancer cells.

  • Blood delivers hormones and other essential products for male fertility.
  • Lymph maintains fluid balance in male reproductive organs
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95
Q

Functional Relationship Between the Blood, Lymphatic, and Immune systems and

Musculoskeletal

A

ACID/CALCIUM/FLUID/REPAIR
• Blood removes lactic acid that accumulates in muscles during strenuous exercise.
• Blood transports calcium to bones for strength and healing.
• The lymphatic system maintains interstitial fluid balance in muscle tissue.
• The immune system aids in the repair of muscle tissue following trauma.

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96
Q

Functional Relationship Between the Blood, Lymphatic, and Immune systems and

Nervous

A

INJURY/CROSS/FLUID
• The immune system responds to nervous stimuli to identify injury or infection sites and initiate tissue defense and repair.

  • Plasma and lymph provide the media in which nervous stimuli cross from one neuron to another.
  • The lymphatic system removes excess interstitial fluid from tissues surrounding nerves.
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97
Q

Functional Relationship Between the Blood, Lymphatic, and Immune systems and

Respiratory

A
  • Red blood cells transport respiratory gases to and from the lungs.
  • The tonsils harbor immune cells to combat pathogens that enter through the nose and mouth.
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98
Q

Functional Relationship Between the Blood, Lymphatic, and Immune systems and

Urinary

A
  • Blood transports waste products, especially urea, to the kidneys for removal via the production of urine.
  • Blood in peritubular capillaries reabsorbs essential products that have been filtered by the nephron.
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99
Q

aden/o

A

gland

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100
Q

aden/o/pathy

A

disease of a gland

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101
Q

agglutin/o

A

clumping, gluing

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102
Q

-ation

A

process (of)

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103
Q

agglutin/ation

A

process of clumping/gluing

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104
Q

blast/o

A

embryonic cell

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105
Q

erythr/o/blast/osis

A

abnormal increase of red embryonic cells

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106
Q

-osis when referring to blood cells

A

increase

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107
Q

chrom/o

A

color

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108
Q

hypo-

A

under, below, deficient

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109
Q

hypo/chrom/ic

A

pertaining to deficient color

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5
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110
Q

erythr/o

A

red

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111
Q

erythr/o/cyte

A

red blood cell

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112
Q

granul/o

A

granule

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113
Q

granul/o/cyte

A

cell of granule

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114
Q

hem/o

A

blood

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115
Q

hemat/o

A

blood

116
Q

blood

A

hem/o

hemat/o

117
Q

hem/o/phobia

A

fear of blood

118
Q

hemat/oma

A

tumor of blood

119
Q

immun/o

A

immune, immunity, safe

120
Q

immun/o/logy

A

study of the immune system

121
Q

leuk/o

A

white

122
Q

leuk/emia

A

blood condition of white

123
Q

lymph/o

A

lymph

124
Q

-oid

A

resembling

125
Q

lymph/oid

A

resembling lymph

126
Q

lymphaden/o

A

lymph gland (node)

127
Q

lymphaden/o/pathy

A

disease of the lymph node

128
Q

lymphangi/o

A

lymph vessel

129
Q

lymphangi/oma

A

tumor of lymph vessel

130
Q

morph/o

A

form, shape, structure

131
Q

morph/o/logy

A

study of form, shape, structure

132
Q

myel/o

A

bone marrow; spinal cord

133
Q

gen

A

forming, producing, origin

134
Q

myel/o/gen/ic

A

pertaining to bone marrow/spinal cord forming/producing/origin

135
Q

nucle/o

A

nucleus

136
Q

mono-

A

one

137
Q

mono/nucle/ar

A

pertaining to one nucleus

138
Q

phag/o

A

swallowing/ eating

139
Q

phag/o/cyte

A

cell of swallowing/eating

140
Q

poikil/o

A

varied, irregular

141
Q

poikil/o/cyte

A

cell of irregular

142
Q

ser/o

A

serum

143
Q

ser/o/logy

A

study of serum

144
Q

sider/o

A

iron

145
Q

-penia

A

decrease, deficiency

146
Q

sider/o/penia

A

decrease/deficiency of iron

147
Q

splen/o

A

spleen

148
Q

splen/o/megaly

A

enlargement of the spleen

149
Q

thromb/o

A

blood clot

150
Q

thromb/osis

A

abnormal increase of blood clot

151
Q

thym/o

A

thymus gland

152
Q

thym/o/pathy

A

disease of the thymus gland

153
Q

-blast

A

embryonic cell

154
Q

hem/o/cyt/o/blast

A

embryonic cell of blood and cell

155
Q

-globin

A

protein

156
Q

hem/o/globin

A

protein of blood

157
Q

-penia

A

decrease; deficiency

158
Q

monocyt/o

A

monocyte

159
Q

monocyt/o/penia

A

decrease/deficiency of monocyte

160
Q

-phil

A

attraction for

161
Q

neutr/o

A

neutral; neither

162
Q

neutr/o/phil

A

attraction for neutral/neither

163
Q

-phylaxis

A

protection

164
Q

ana-

A

against; up; back

165
Q

ana/phylaxis

A

protection against

166
Q

-poiesis

A

formation, production

167
Q

hem/o/poiesis

A

formation/production of blood

168
Q

-stasis

A

standing still

169
Q

hem/o/stasis

A

standing still of blood

170
Q

aniso-

A

unequal, dissimilar

171
Q

aniso/cyt/osis

A

abnormal increase of unequal/dissimilar cell

172
Q

Complete Learning Activity 9-1

A

pg 294

173
Q

Complete Learning Activity 9-2

A

pg 295

174
Q

-penia

A

decrease

175
Q

pertaining to small (red blood) cells

A

microcytic

176
Q

destruction of blood

A

hemolysis

177
Q

pertaining to a nucleus

A

nuclear

178
Q

resembling a gland

A

adenoid

179
Q

formation (production) of blood

A

hemopoiesis

180
Q

abnormal increase in erythrocytes

A

erythrocytosis

181
Q

Lymphatic disorders are commonly associated with

A

edema and lymphadenopathy

182
Q

Anemias, leukemias, and coagulation disorders typically share common signs and symptoms that include

A

paleness, weakness, shortness of breath, and heart palpitations.

183
Q

hypersensitivities

A

abnormally heightened immune responses

184
Q

immunodeficiencies, or immune deficiencies

A

depressed immune responses

185
Q

autoimmunity

A

responses where the immune system fails to recognize its own tissue

186
Q

Immune disorders

A

hypersensitivities
immunodeficiencies
autoimmunity

187
Q

Hematology

A

is the branch of medicine that studies blood cells, blood-clotting mechanisms, bone marrow, and lymph nodes.

188
Q

hematologist

A

physicians who specialize in hematology

189
Q

Allergy and Immunology

A

branch of medicine concerning immune disorders (asthma and anaphylaxis), adverse reactions to drugs, autoimmune diseases, organ transplantations, and malignancies of immune system.

190
Q

What are physicians who specialize in Allergy and Immunology called?

A

allergists and immunologists

191
Q

erythropenia, erythrocytopenia

A

aka Anemia
deficiency of erythrocytes or hemoglobin in RBCs (hypochromia)
not a disease but a symptom of other illnesses

192
Q

hypochromia

A

deficiency in amount of hemoglobin in RBCs

193
Q

Sickle Cell Anemia

A
  • primarily affects African descendants (who inherit trait from both parents)
  • caused by hemoglobinopathy
  • cells are fragile, easily hemolyze, and have difficulty passing through capillaries
  • causes sickle cell crisis
194
Q

hemoglobinopathy

A

defective hemoglobin molecule that causes RBCs to assume bizarre shapes, commonly resembling a crescent, or sickle, when oxygen levels are low

195
Q

hemolyze

A

breaking apart of blood cells

196
Q

sickle cell crisis

A

tissue distal to cell blockage undergoes ischemia, resulting in severe pain that can last from several hours to several days

Treatment for sickle cell anemia is designed to control or limit the number of crises

197
Q

Aplastic (hypoplastic) anemia

A

Serious
associated with bone marrow failure
causes erythropenia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia
caused by autoimmune disorders, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and exposure to certain cytotoxic agents

198
Q

Folic-acid deficiency anemia

A

Caused by insufficient folic acid intake resulting from poor diet, impaired absorption, prolonged drug therapy, or increased requirements (pregnancy or rapid growth as seen in children)

199
Q

Hemolytic (as a disorder)

A

Destruction of RBCs
causes jaundice
from inherited immune and blood (sickle cell anemia) disorders, medications, and incompatible transfusions

200
Q

Iron-deficiency anemia

A

Lack of sufficient iron in RBCs

Caused by a greater demand for stored iron than can be supplied, usually as a result of inadequate dietary iron intake or malabsorption of iron

201
Q

Pernicious anemia (PA)

A

Chronic, progressive ages 50+
lack of vitamin B12
result of inability to absorb B12

202
Q

Sickle cell anemia

A

Inherited anemia that causes RBCs to become crescent- or sickle-shaped when oxygen levels are low

Caused by a defect in the gene responsible for hemoglobin synthesis

203
Q

An allergy is:

A

acquired abnormal immune response

requires initial exposure (sensitization)

subsequent exposures produce increasing allergic reactions that cause broad range of inflammatory changes

204
Q

indurated

A

hardened

205
Q

Allergy shots (immunotherapy, biotherapy) help with:

A

pollens, pet dander, molds, dust mites, and venom (bee stings)
BUT NOT FOOD

reducing or even eliminating the symptoms associated with the allergy.

206
Q

Immunotherapy involves:

A

repeated, gradually increasing in concentration, injections of allergen
body forms new antibodies

207
Q

autoantigens

A

antigens found on cells and tissues

208
Q

autoimmune disease produces:

A

autoantibodies - an abnormal response directed at the autoantigens of the body until cells are destroyed

209
Q

multisystemic

A

affecting many organs and systems

210
Q

Autoimmune diseases include:

A

rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, vasculitis, and various thyroid disorders

211
Q

Most autoimmune diseases have:

A

periods of flare-ups (exacerbations) and latencies (remissions).

212
Q

The major types of blood cancers include multiple myelomas that affect:

A

a single type of bone marrow cell

lymphomas in lymphatic system

leukemias that affect blood and bone marrow.

213
Q

Leukemia

A

oncological disorder of blood and blood-forming organs

characterized by an overgrowth (proliferation) of blood cells.

body replaces healthy blood and bone marrow cells with immature, nonfunctional cells, leading to anemias, infections, and bleeding disorders.

214
Q

Leukemia is the most common cancer in:

A

children, youth, and young adults

215
Q

Types of leukemia:

A

granulocytic (myelogenous)
lymphocytic

These can be classified as:
acute
chronic

216
Q

Acute leukemia:

A

disease has a sudden onset and blood cells are highly embryonic (blastic) with few mature forms. Severe anemia, infections, and bleeding disorders appear early in the disease. This form of leukemia is life-threatening.

217
Q

Chronic Leukemia

A

signs and symptoms are slow to develop because there are usually enough mature cells to carry on the functions of the various cell types. As the chronic form progresses, signs and symptoms develop.

218
Q

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

A

Infectious disease
causes HIV
destroys the CD4 (helper T) cells
makes host susceptible to opportunistic infections

219
Q

coagulation disorders

A

Any disruption or impairment in the ability to form blood clots or control bleeding

220
Q

disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

A

Abnormal blood clotting in small vessels throughout the body that cuts off the supply of oxygen to distal tissues, resulting in damage to body organs

221
Q

hemophilia

A

Congenital hereditary disorder characterized by a deficiency in clotting factor VIII (hemophilia A) or clotting factor IX (hemophilia B), resulting in prolonged bleeding; also called bleeder’s disease

222
Q

thrombocytopenia

A

Abnormal decrease in platelets caused by low production of platelets or their increased destruction in the blood vessels, spleen, or liver

223
Q

graft rejection

A

Process in which a recipient’s immune system identifies the transplanted graft as “foreign” and attacks or destroys it

224
Q

graft-versus-host disease (GVHD)

A

Complication that occurs following a stem cell or bone marrow transplant in which the transplant produces antibodies against the recipient’s organs, commonly severely enough to cause death

225
Q

hemoglobinopathy

A

Any disorder caused by abnormalities in the hemoglobin molecule

226
Q

infectious mononucleosis

A

Acute infectious disease caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) that primarily affects young adults and children and causes fatigue, malaise, sore throat, and lymphadenopathy of the neck or armpits; also called mono and kissing disease

227
Q

Kaposi sarcoma (KS)

A

Cancer caused by the human herpes virus 8 (HHV-8) that mainly affects the skin and mucous membranes but may also cause extensive visceral organ involvement; also called malignant neoplasm of soft tissue

228
Q

lymphedema

A

Swelling, primarily in a single arm or leg, resulting from an accumulation of lymph within tissues caused by obstruction or disease in the lymph vessels

229
Q

lymphoma

A

Any malignancy involving lymphocytes (B cells, T cells, or both) that commonly affects lymph nodes and other lymphatic tissue

230
Q

Hodgkin (HL)

A

Malignancy of B cells that occurs in lymph nodes of the neck or chest and may spread to nearby lymph nodes and the spleen and sometimes to the bone marrow; also called classical Hodgkin lymphoma, Hodgkin disease

231
Q

non-Hodgkin (NHL)

A

Any malignancy of B cells, T cells, or NK cells that does not involve Reed-Sternberg cells

232
Q

multiple myeloma

A

Malignancy of the bone marrow that affects plasma cells, leading to proliferation of abnormal antibodies, destruction of healthy bone marrow cells, and weakening of bone tissue

233
Q

sepsis

A

Presence of bacteria or their toxins in the blood; also called septicemia or blood poisoning

234
Q

systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

A

Widespread autoimmune disease
affects the skin, brain, kidneys, and joints
causes chronic inflammation
aka discoid lupus (limited to skin)

235
Q

thrombocythemia

A

Overproduction of platelets, leading to thrombosis or bleeding disorders as a result of platelet malformations

236
Q

Complete Learning Activity 9-3

A

pg 296

237
Q

antinuclear antibody (ANA)

A

Test that identifies the antibodies that attack the nucleus of the individual’s own body cells (autoantibodies)

238
Q

blood culture

A

Test to determine the presence of pathogens in the bloodstream

239
Q

complete blood count (CBC)

A

Series of tests that includes hemoglobin, hematocrit, red and white blood cell counts, platelet count, and differential (diff) count; also called hemogram

240
Q

monospot

A

Nonspecific rapid serological test for the presence of the heterophile antibody, which develops several days after infection by Epstein-Barr virus, the organism that causes infectious mononucleosis

241
Q

partial thromboplastin time (PTT)

A

Screening test for deficiencies in clotting factors by measuring the length of time it takes blood to clot; also called activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT)

242
Q

prothrombin time (PT)

A

Test used to detect and diagnose bleeding disorders or excessive clotting disorders; also called pro time

243
Q

bone marrow magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

Highly sensitive imaging procedure that detects lesions and changes in bone tissue and bone marrow, especially in diagnosing multiple myeloma

244
Q

lymphangiography

A

Visualization of lymph channels and lymph nodes using a contrast medium to determine blockages or other pathologies of the lymphatic system

245
Q

lymphoscintigraphy

A

Introduction of a radioactive tracer into the lymph channels to determine lymph flow, identify obstructions, and locate the sentinel node

246
Q

bone marrow aspiration

A

Removal of bone marrow (usually from the pelvis) for microscopic examination using a thin aspirating needle (See Fig. 9-11.)

247
Q

bone marrow transplant (BMT)

A

Infusion of healthy bone marrow stem cells after destroying the diseased bone marrow by chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or both and commonly used to treat leukemia, aplastic anemia, and certain cancers; also called stem cell transplant

248
Q

lymphadenectomy

A

Removal of lymph nodes, especially in surgical procedures undertaken to remove malignant tissue, in an effort to control the spread of cancer

249
Q

sentinel node excision

A

Removal of the first node (sentinel node) that receives drainage from cancer-containing areas and the one most likely to contain malignant cells

250
Q

immunotherapy

A

Any form of treatment that alters, enhances, stimulates, or restores the body’s own natural immune mechanisms to treat diseases; also called biological therapy

251
Q

immunoglobulin (IG) therapy

A

Treatment using antibody mixtures, administered via intravenous, subcutaneous, or intramuscular routes

252
Q

plasmapheresis

A

Dialysis procedure that removes and discards the patient’s plasma containing the autoantibodies responsible for tissue destruction in autoimmunity and returns the blood cells to the patient suspended in the plasma of a donor

253
Q

transfusion

A

Infusion of blood or blood products from one person (donor) to another (recipient)

254
Q

anticoagulants

A

Prevent blood clot formation by inactivating one or more clotting factors or inhibiting their synthesis

255
Q

antifibrinolytics

A

Neutralize fibrinolytic chemicals in the mucous membranes of the mouth, nose, and urinary tract to prevent the breakdown of blood clots

256
Q

antimicrobials

A

Destroy bacteria, fungi, and protozoa, depending on the particular drug, generally by interfering with the functions of the cell membrane or the reproductive cycle

257
Q

antiretrovirals

A

Prevent replication of viruses within host cells

258
Q

immunosuppressants

A

Decrease inflammation by suppressing the body’s natural immune response

259
Q

thrombolytics

A

Dissolve blood clots by destroying their fibrin strands

260
Q

AB, Ab, ab

A

antibody, abortion

261
Q

ANA

A

antinuclear antibody

262
Q

APC

A

antigen-presenting cell

263
Q

APTT

A

activated partial thromboplastin time

264
Q

BMT

A

bone marrow transplant

265
Q

DIC

A

disseminated intravascular coagulation

266
Q

diff

A

differential count (white blood cells)

267
Q

EBV

A

Epstein-Barr virus

268
Q

GVHD

A

graft-versus-host disease

269
Q

HHV-8

A

human herpes virus 8

270
Q

HIV

A

human immunodeficiency virus

271
Q

HL

A

Hodgkin lymphoma

272
Q

Ig

A

immunoglobulin

273
Q

IVIG

A

intravenous immunoglobulin

274
Q

KS

A

Kaposi sarcoma

275
Q

MNL

A

mononuclear leukocytes

276
Q

NHL

A

non-Hodgkin lymphoma

277
Q

NK cell

A

natural killer cell

278
Q

PA

A

pernicious anemia

279
Q

PCP

A

Pneumocystis pneumonia; primary care physician

280
Q

PMN

A

polymorphonuclear

281
Q

PMNL, poly

A

polymorphonuclear leukocyte

282
Q

PT

A

prothrombin time, physical therapy

283
Q

PTT

A

partial thromboplastin time

284
Q

SLE

A

systemic lupus erythematosus

285
Q

Complete Learning Activity 9-4

A

pg 297

Medical Terminology Systems (16 decks)

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